Given the need for rapid and reliable measurements, biosensors that contain integrated electrodes and complementary transducers have also been examined for pathogen detection applications. For example, electrodes have been integrated with transducers that enable simultaneous fluid mixing and monitoring of molecular binding events (Choi et al. 2011). Biosensors composed of multiple transducers, referred to as hybrid biosensors, also offer unique opportunities for in situ verification of target binding as well as complementary analytical measurements (i.e., dual detection).