De Luna et al. found that high-curvature nanostructured Au microelectrodes exhibited a reduced extent of biorecognition element aggregation relative to that found on planar electrodes in DNA sensing studies using a combination of experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations (see Fig. 3 a) (De Luna et al. 2017; Mahshid et al. 2016). A study by Chin et al. found that nanostructuring of carbon electrodes with carbon nanoparticles enhanced the electron transfer kinetics and current intensity of the electrode by 63% for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (Chin et al. 2017).
Fig. 3 Emerging transduction approaches associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. a) A nanostructured Au microelectrode array with high curvature (De Luna et al. 2017). b) Cell-imprinted polymer (CIP) with ‘artificial’ biorecognition elements for detection of E. coli using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox probe (Jafari et al. 2019).
Fig. 4 Measurement settings associated with electrochemical biosensor-based multiplexed pathogen detection. a) Microfluidic device with an interdigitated Au microelectrode array for continuous measurement of S. typhimurium (Dastider et al. 2015). b) Conjugated nanoparticles with two different biorecognition elements for E. coli and V. cholerae detection via voltammetry using Fe(CN)63-/4- (Li et al. 2017). c) Schematic of a microfluidic device with two separate spatial regions of biorecognition elements for E. coli and S. aureus (Tian et al. 2016).