MSCs: mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells; i.n.: intranasal; i.v.: intravenous; i.t.: intratracheal; BM: bone marrow-derived; UC: umbilical cord-derived; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; Ang-1: angiopoietin-1; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIG: monokine induced by interferon-γ; IFN: interferon; CXCL-10: C-X-C motif chemokine 10; IP-10: interferon γ-induced protein 10; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor.