Subsequently, several MERS-CoV subunit vaccines have been designed based on the identified critical neutralizing domain of RBD fragment, including those expressed in a stable CHO cell line (S377-588-Fc), fusing with a trimeric motif foldon (RBD-Fd), or containing single or multiple mutations in the RBD of representative human and camel strains from the 2012–2015 MERS outbreaks (Tai et al., 2016, 2017; Nyon et al., 2018).