ory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which are known to be beta-CoVs (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Vabret et al., 2003; Woo et al., 2005; Zaki et al., 2012; Du et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2020; Zhu et al