Viral Infection
Vero E6 cells (ATCC No: CRL-1586) were seeded onto culture plates with complete Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and incubated overnight prior to infection. MERS-CoV (HCoV-EMC/2012) at a multiplicity of infection (M.O.I.) of 0.1 was added to the cells and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h, followed by washing thrice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove the unattached virus. Fresh complete culture medium was then added to the plates.