This article is part of the Topical Collection on Infection and inflammation Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Research involving human participants and/or animals This retrospective study of existing patient data and images was approved by the institutional review board of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The requirement for informed consent was waived.