GA C13:0, C15:1, and C17:1, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. GA was diluted in methanol or DMSO to a concentration of 50 mM. Effects of GA in all assays and models used in this study have been compared to vehicle-treated (i.e. methanol or DMSO) controls. Cells or viral stocks were treated with the indicated concentration of GA.