frac{I_P}{N_P}, {a}_P=\frac{A_P}{N_P},{r}_P=\frac{R_P}{N_P},w=\frac{\varepsilon W}{\mu_P{N}_P},\kern0.5em {\mu}_P^{\prime }=c{\mu}_P,\kern0.5em {b}_P={\beta}_P{N}_P,\mathrm{and}\ {b}_W