All experiments were repeated three times unless stated otherwise. Data are shown as mean + SD. Statistical significance of comparison between three or more unmatched groups was determined by one-way ANOVA and if multiple comparisons were performed, two-way ANOVA was used (both including Bonferroni post-test). Statistics on quantitative PCR (qPCR) data were performed on previously log-transformed data to achieve a normal distribution. All statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad 5.00 and 6.05, San Diego, USA) software. Significant differences were considered at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 as compared to the control condition. n.s., not significant.