At day 1 of HIV-1 infection, we observed enhanced release of IL-1β, followed by increased IL-1β mRNA and miR-146a expression at day two. Decreased TRAF6 expression, a known miR-146a target, is associated with increased HIV-1 replication (47). We observed decreased TRAF6 expression upon infection with HIV-1 at the gene expression level. IRAK1 protein expression levels were also decreased following HIV-1 infection. These findings are consistent with previous reports that HIV-1 decreases IRAK1 and TRAF6 expression (47, 55).