Taken together, these results demonstrate that immunomodulation by IFNα inhibited HIV-1 replication concordantly with decreased IL-1β and miR-146a expression in CD4+ T-cells. Interestingly, TRAF6 protein and mRNA levels were unchanged among HIV+, HIV+Meth, and HIV+IFNα samples. Moreover, IFNα significantly increased the expression of IRAK1 at RNA and protein levels concordant with decreased miR-146a expression.