Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-1 signaling is important for Meth mediated effects on HIV-1 replication. Specifically, our results showed that increased IL-1β expression during Meth treatment plays a role in enhanced HIV-1 replication. Further, we observed relatively unchanged expression of miR-146a, TRAF6, and IRAK1 among HIV+, HIV+Meth, HIV+Meth+IL1RA200ng/mL, and HIV+Meth+IL-1RA400ng/mL samples (Figures S1B,C), suggesting that an IL-1β positive feedback loop is central to enhanced HIV-1 replication in the presence of Meth.