Next, we assessed the expression of TRAF6 and IRAK1. Interestingly, TRAF6 mRNA levels were unchanged in Meth treated cells, but showed significantly decreased expression in HIV+ and HIV+Meth samples (Figure 5D). In contrast, IRAK1 mRNA showed significantly increased expression in the presence of Meth alone, but significantly decreased expression in HIV+ samples (Figure 5D). When cells were treated with Meth and HIV-1 in combination, IRAK1 mRNA displayed baseline expression (Figure 5D). By Western Blot, we observed decreased TRAF6 protein levels in Meth, HIV+, and HIV+Meth samples (Figure 5E). IRAK1 protein levels showed no change in Meth treated vs. untreated cells, but decreased expression in HIV+ and HIV+Meth treated cells 2 days post infection (Figure 5E).