We next explored the effects of Meth on TRAF6 and IRAK1, known targets of miR-146a linked to IL-1β and innate immune signaling, and implicated in HIV-1 pathobiology (31, 47). Specifically, IRAK1 plays a key role in mediating IL-1β-induced NFκB activation, and decreased expression of TRAF6 has been implicated in increased HIV-1 replication (17, 47, 48).