Urogenital reactions Few urogenital reactions were described ( Table 6 and Table 7). Hemoglobinuria was described as an adverse reaction seen after transfusion of stem cell products 39, 51, 56, 73. However, hemoglobinuria is often attributed to erythrocyte debris in the transplant material and has thus not been interpreted as being caused by DMSO 39, 73. The other urogenital reactions ( Table 6 and Table 7) all occurred after DMSO instillation in the bladder 38, 49, 97. Table 6. Neurological and urogenital adverse reactions observed per number of patients. Adverse reaction Studies Total patients, n Patients with adverse reactions, n (%) (min%–max%) † Neurological    Headache [ 2, 18, 29, 33, 38, 41, 55, 59, 70, 71, 81, 84, 85, 98, 101, 104, 116] 2516 150 (6) (1–50) [ 101] - [ 70]   Intravenous administration [ 18, 33, 41, 59, 70, 71, 81, 85, 98, 101, 104] 1271 42 (3) (1–50) [ 101] - [ 70]   Transdermal application [ 2, 29, 55] 1197 102 (8) (5–35) [ 55] - [ 2]   Intravesical administration [ 38] 20 1 (5)   Rectal administration [ 116] 21 3 (14)   >1 administration route [ 84] 7 2 (29)    Seizures [ 18, 36, 47] 301 2 (1) (0–2) [ 18] - [ 47]    Neurological symptoms, unspecified [ 86] 144 5 (3)    Transient CN III and IV palsy [ 34] 12 1 (8)    Severe encephalopathy [ 99] 124 1 (1) Urogenital    Pelvic discomfort/pain/ irritation [ 38, 49, 97] 107 10 (9) (6–30) [ 49] - [ 38]    Dysuria/strangury [ 49] 36 6 (17)    Renal and urinary disorder [ 49] 36 8 (22) †Incidences of the adverse reactions have been calculated for all the individual studies. (min%–max%) are the lowest and highest observed incidence of an adverse reaction observed in the group of studies included. Table 7. Neurological and urogenital adverse reactions observed per number of treatments. Adverse reaction Studies Total treatments, n Adverse reactions observed, n (%) (min%–max%) † Neurological    Headache [ 39, 51] 86 40 (47) (6 - 73) [ 39] - [ 51] Urogenital    Urethral irritation [ 73] 151 110 (73) †Incidences of the adverse reactions have been calculated for all the individual studies. (%, min-max) are the lowest and highest observed incidence of an adverse reaction observed in the group of studies included.