Table 2.  Antioxidant drugs that decrease blood pressure in humans with hypertension and animal models of hypertension.
Antioxidant  Species  Mechanism of action  References
N-acetyl cysteine  human, mouse, rat  Direct antioxidant, precursor of cysteine reduced glutathione, breaks disulphides  [243–247]
Apocynin  mouse, rat  Prevents NADPH oxidase assembly  [248–252]
Allicin/Aliin/S-allylcysteine (garlic)  human  Reduces 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, angiotensin II-generated ROS  [253–256]
L-arginine  human, mouse, rat  Substrate for NO production  [257–259]
Bardoxolone  human, mouse, rat  Nrf2 inducer  [260,261]
L-carnitine  human, mouse, rat  Key compound in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation  [262,264–266]
Catechins
Black tea (theaflavin-polyphenol)  rat  Stimulates NO and H2S production, Decreases endothelin-1 and angiotensin II  [267]
Green tea (polyphenols)  human  Antioxidant, inhibits catechol-O-methyl transferase, NO release  [267–269]
Coenzyme Q10  human, mouse, rat  Reduces mitochondrial superoxide production by increasing the efficiency of electron transfer from Complexes I and II down the mitochondrial electron transport chain  [270–273]
Curcurmin  human, mouse, rat  A herbal supplement used as a food additive with antioxidant properties at low concentrations, induces HO-1  [274–277]
Hemin  mouse, rat  HO-1 inducer (can induce mitochondrial dysfunction)  [278–280]
Hesperidin  human, rat  Free radical scavenger and enhancer of antioxidant pathways via ERK/Nrf2, inhibits RAS  [281–283]
α-Lipoic acid  human, mouse, rat  Free radical scavenger and activator of anti-oxidant recycling  [284–286]
Melatonin  human, rat  Free radical scavenger and up-regulator of antioxidant enzymes.  [287–290]
Quercetin  human, mouse, rat  Free radical scavenger  [291–294, 419, 420]
Resveratrol  human, mouse, rat  Activator of sirtuins and PGC-1α, involved in stress response, and Nrf2  [295, 296, 421]
Tempol  human, mouse, rat  Redox-cycling nitroxide and SOD mimetic  [9,16,28,29,34,297,422]
Troxerutin  mouse, rat  Flavonoid (hydroxyethylrutoside) with antioxidant properties  [298,299]
Vitamin C  human, mouse, rat  Free radical scavenger  [11,300–306]
Vitamin D  human, mouse, rat  Inhibits iron-dependent liposomal lipid peroxidation  [10,307–319]
Vitamin E  human, mouse, rat  Free radical scavenger, impairs ROS signaling  11,303,320–323]