Recommendations   Class   Level   References
Diagnosis
Echocardiography for routine follow-up of aortic valve function is recommended.  I  C  [460, 462]
The ramp test to diagnose aortic insufficiency should be considered.  IIa  C  [463]
Treatment of moderate aortic insufficiency
Variation in pump speed settings to reduce aortic insufficiency should be considered.  IIa  B  [68]
A heart transplant is recommended.  I  C
Open valve replacement or closure of an insufficient aortic valve is not recommended.  III  C
Interventional closure of the aortic valve may be considered.  IIb  C  [458, 461, 464]
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement should be considered.  IIa  C  [461, 465, 466]
Treatment of severe aortic insufficiency
Reduction in pump speed settings to reduce aortic insufficiency may be considered.  IIb  C  [68]
High-urgent listing for a heart transplant is recommended if the patient is a transplant candidate.  I  C
Open valve replacement or closure of the insufficient aortic valve may be considered.  IIb  C  [457, 467]
Interventional closure of the aortic valve may be considered.  IIb  C  [458, 461, 464]
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement should be considered.  IIa  C  [461, 465, 466]