TABLE 3  Pharmacological interventions tested in dogs with cognitive decline.
Name/type   Mode of action   Testing in dog   Results/outcomes   References
LY2886721  BACE1 inhibitor  Pharmacology study in dogs and clinical trial in healthy volunteers  Aβ lowering in plasma and CSF  May et al.,2015
Selegiline (L-deprenyl)  MAOB inhibitor  Longitudinal study  Higher life expectancy (cognitive status not monitored)  Ruehl et al.,1997
Selegiline (L-deprenyl)  MAOB inhibitor  Performance studies  Improved visuospatial working memory (in only a subset of dogs)  Head et al., 1996; Campbell et al., 2001; Studzinski et al.,2005
Atorvastatin  Reduction of Aβ and BACE1  Longitudinal study  Neuroprotective  Barone et al.,2012
Adrafinil  A wakefulness-promoting agent (eugeroic) with nootropic effects  Longitudinal study; pharmacological study  A significant increase in locomotion; improved learning; impaired working memory  Siwak et al., 2000; Studzinski et al.,2005
Ampakine  Positive modulator of AMPA receptors (enhance excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission)  Pharmacological study  Decrease of performance accuracy; may have memory impairing effects  Studzinski et al.,2005
CP-118,954  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor  Pharmacological study  Minimal cognitive enhancing effects  Studzinski et al.,2005
Phenserine  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor  Pharmacological study; performance study  Enhancing effects on memory and learning; improved performance (only in a subset of dogs treated)  Studzinski et al., 2005; Araujo et al.,2011a
Donepezil  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor  Performance study  memory enhancement  Araujo et al.,2011a
CNP520  BACE1 inhibitor  Dogs, human  Safe to use in dogs; tolerated in healthy humans; ongoing clinical trials  Neumann et al.,2018
Antioxidant-rich diet with cognitive enrichment  /  Dogs  Improved cognition  Opii et al., 2008; Dowling and Head,2012
Anti-Aβ immunotherapy  Passive vaccination with injections of antibodies against Aβ42  Dogs  Reduced amyloid plaques and reduced astrogliosis  Head et al., 2008; Neus Bosch et al., 2015; Davis et al.,2017