Figure 2  Overview of the pleiotropic effects of adenosine in the TME. Adenosine enables tumor cells to escape immune-surveillance by limiting the functionality of multiple potentially protective immune infiltrates including T cells, DCs, NK cells, macrophages and neutrophils, while enhancing the activity of immunosuppressive cell-types, such as MDSCs and Tregs. In addition, adenosine not only assists tumor cells in co-opting adjacent fibroblasts for support, but also induces the formation of new blood vessels. Adenosine also affects the capacity of some tumor cell-types to survive, proliferate, migrate and invade neighboring tissues (HPC, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells).