Abbreviations
α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; α-KIC: α-ketoisocaproic acid; Aβ: amyloid-β = β amyloid; AMT: adsorptive mediated transcytosis; ANLS: astrocyte neuron lactate shuttle (hypothesis); apoE: apolipoprotein E; apoJ: clusterin; A − V difference: the difference between the concentrations in arterial blood entering and venous blood leaving the brain; BCAA: branched chain amino acid (large neutral amino acid); BCH: 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid; BCKA: branched chain α-ketoacid (deaminated BCAA); BUI: brain uptake index; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; ISF: interstitial fluid; LFER: linear free energy relations (Appendix C); LRP1, LRP2: low density receptor related proteins 1 and 2; MAO: monoamine oxidase; MeAIB, αMeAIB: α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid = N-methyl-α-aminoisobutyric acid; MW: molecular weight (dimensionless, MW of 12C is 12); NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; PICALM: phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products; RMT: receptor mediated transcytosis; sLRP1: water soluble truncated form of LRP1; TfR: transferrin receptor; THO: tritiated water; VLDLR: very low-density lipoprotein receptor.