Table 3  List of in vivo studies in which the therapeutic potential of the administration of hMSCs for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis was evaluated and the results obtained.
References   Autoimmune disease   Source of hMSC   Variables   Experimental model   Clinical and labortory effects   Proposed mechanisms for the in vivo action of MSCs
(159)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Adipose tissue  Administration of adipose tissue-derived MSCs alone Administration of adipose tissue-derived MSCs overexpressing CTLA4Ig  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Clinical score↓Proteinuria↓Blood urea nitrogen Effectiveness MSCs overexpressing CTLA4Ig = effectiveness MSCs alone  ↓Glomerular IgG deposition↑IL-10↑IL-4
(81)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Embryonic stem cells  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates  ↓T-cell proliferation↓CD83+ dendritic cells↓IL-12↑CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs
(160)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Embryonic stem cells  None  Mice  ↓Clinical score↓Interstitial inflammation↓Protein cast deposition↓Proteinuria↓Serum creatine  ↓TNF-α↓IL-6↑CD4+/CD25+ Tregs↓Infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes in the kidneys
(161)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Glomerulonephritis↓Proteinuria  ↓Autoantibodies↓CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ follicular helper T cells↓Infiltration of B220loCD138+ plasma cells into the kidney↓Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells toward Tfh cells
(82)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Umbilical cord blood  None  Mice  ↓Renal injury↑Survival rates↓Proteinuria  ↓Anti-dsDNA autoantibody↓IFN-γ↓IL-2↓TNF-α↓IL-6↓IL-12↑IL-4↑IL-10↓T lymphocytes proliferation↓Splenocytes proliferation
(83)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↓Renal injury  ↓Serum anti-double-stranded autoantibody↓CD4+ICOS+CD44+ follicular helper T cells in spleen↓CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells in spleen↓CD4+ IL-17+ Th17 cells in spleen↑CD1dhiCD5+ Bregs in spleen↑CD1dhiCD5+IL-10+ Bregs in spleen↑CD4+Foxp3+Tregs cells↓B220+CD23highCD21low FOB cells↓B220−CD138+IgD− plasma cells↑B220+CD23lowCD21high MZB cells↓Size and number of germinal centers
(84)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Dental pulp  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Renal injury  ↓Viability of T-cells↓CD4+IL-17+ Th17 cells↓Serum autoantibodies↓IL-17↓T-cells
(162)  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Bone marrow Dental pulp  None  Mice  ↑Bone density and structure  ↑Osteoclastogenesis↓Osteoblastogenesis↓IL-17 in the recipient bone marrow
(85)  Systemic sclerosis  Umbilical cord stroma  None  Humans  ↓Modified Rodnan skin score↑Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide↑Forced vital capacity  ↓Serum anti-Scl70 autoantibody↓Serum TGF-β↓Serum VEGF
Both the methodology employed and the results obtained by each article are represented in this table. Scl70, anti-topoisomerase I after the type I topoisomerase target; MZB cells, marginal zone B-cells; FOB cells, follicular B cells; dsDNA, double stranded DNA.