References   Autoimmune disease   Source of hMSC   Variables   Experimental model   Clinical and laboratory effects   Mechanism proposed
(164)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↓Disease onset↓Insulitis in the pancreas  ↑Tregs in the pancreas
(74)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Adipose tissue  Administration of adipose tissue-derived MSCs overexpressing betatrophin Administration of adipose tissue-derived MSCs alone  Mice  ↓Hyperglycemia↓Weight loss Effectiveness of adipose tissue-derived MSCs overexpressing betatrophin > Effectiveness of adipose tissue-derived MSCs alone  ↑Islet proliferation↑Ngn3 transcription factor↑Pax6 transcription factor↑Islet production of insulin↑β-cells ratio↑IL-4↑IL-10↑IL-13↓TNF-α↓NADP-cytochrome P450 reductase↑XIAP in the islets↑Bcl-xL in the islets↑Bcl-2 in the islets↓Caspase-3 in the islets↓Apoptotic cells
(75)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Umbilical cord stroma  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Blood glucose↑Serum insulin levels↑Glucose tolerance↑C-peptide↓Insulitis  ↓Th1 cells↓Th17 cells↑Tregs↓Dendritic cells↓IFN-γ in the serum↓IL-1β in the serum↓TNF-α in the serum↓CCL2 in the serum↓IL-17 in the serum↑IL-4 in the serum↑IL-10 in the serum↑TGF-β1↑Intact islets↑Insulin-producing cells devided from the differentiation of umbilical cord stroma-derived MSCs
(76)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Umbilical cord stroma  Administration of umbilical cord-derived MSCs before the onset of type I diabetes  Mice  ↓Disease onset↑Fasting C-peptide↓Insulitis  ↑CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs↓IL-2↓IFN-γ↓TNF- α↑Islet β-cells
Treatment of type I diabetes with umbilical cord-derived MSCs after the onset of the disease   ↓Fasting plasma glucose↓Fed blood glucose↑Fasting C-peptide↓Insulitis
(77)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↓Hyperglycemia↓Area under the glycemia curve↓Fasting glycemia↑Serum insulin  ↑Islet β-cells function↓CD3+ cells↓Islet infiltration↑Larger pancreatic islets↓IL-2 in the pancreas↓IFN-γ in the pancreas↓IL-4 in the pancreas
(79)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↓Hyperglycemia↑Insulin production↑Human insulin in mice↑C-peptide production  ↑Nestin↑Pdx1 transcription factor↑Ngn3 transcription factor↑Pax4 transcription factor↑NeuroD1 transcription factor↑Nkx2.2 transcription factor↑Nkx6.1 transcription factor↑PCSK1 gene↑Insulin gene↑Glucagon gene↑PCSK1 gene↑PP gene
(80)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↓Hyperglycemia↑Insulin levels  ↓Fas in human islets↓MiR-375 in human islets↓PBMC activation↓PBMC proliferation↓IL-2↓IFN-γ↓IL-2 receptor↑HGF↑IL-10↑VEGF↑PGE-2↑TGF-β↑Treg function↓Islet β-cells apoptosis↑Islet β-cells function against inflammatory cytokines↓Immune reaction against transplanted islets after humanization of mice
(78)  Type I diabetes mellitus  Umbilical cord stroma  None  Humans  ↓Post-prandial plasma glucose↓Hemoglobin HbA1c↑Fasting C peptide↑C-peptide/glucose ratio  ↑Islet β-cells function