Figure 7  hMSCs inhibits the pathological course of multiple sclerosis through several mechanisms. hMSC-produced IL-4, IL-10, HGF, PGE2, PDL-1, and TGF-β inhibit the activation of autoreactive CD4+T cells and their differentiation to Th1 cells and stimulate the generation of Breg, Treg, and Th2 lymphocytes. hMSCs inhibit the activation of dendritic cells and stimulate the generation of regulatory dendritic cells. hMSC-produced IL-6, PGE2, and GM-CSF suppress astrocyte activation and macrophage polarization to M1, though favors M2 polarization. hMSCs-produced neurotrophic factors BDNF, CNTF, GDNF, NGF, and NTF3 inhibit the destruction of the myelin sheath and axonal degeneration.