References   Autoimmune disease   Source of hMSC   Variables   Experimental model   Clinical and laboratory effects   Mechanism proposed
(155)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord  None  Mice  ↓Clinical score↓Weight loss↑Survival rates↓Colon pathology  ↑Infiltration of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs in the colon↓Infiltration of CD11b+ leukocytes in the colon↓Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes in the colon↓Proliferation of mononuclear cells↑PGE2↑IL-10↓IL-6↓IFN-γ↓TNF-α
(156)  Ulcerative colitis  Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology↓Weight loss↑Survival rates  ↓Th1-cell activation in colonic mucosa and draining lymph nodes↑CD4+CD25+FoxP3+IL-10+ Tregs in the mesenteric lymph node↓IL-6↓IL-12↓IL-1β↓IFN-γ↓TNF-α↓CCL5↓CXCL2↑IL-10
(99)  Ulcerative colitis  Gingiva Bone marrow  None  Mice  ↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology↓Weight loss  ↓Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation↑Infiltration of CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs in the colon↓Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes in the colon↑IL-10↑IDO↑iNOS↑COX-2↓IL-6↓IL-17↓IFN-γ
(100)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↓Clinical scores↓Colon pathology↓Weight loss  ↓IL-6 in the serum↓IL-17 in the serum↓TNF-α in the serum↓IL-1β in the serum↓IFN-γ in the serum↓IL-10 in the serum
(101)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord  Administration of late-passage MSCs  Mice  None  ↑COX-2↑PGE2
Administration of early-passage MSCs   ↓Weight loss↑Survival rates↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology Effectiveness early-passage MSCs > effectiveness late-passage MSCs
(102)  Ulcerative colitis  Embryonic stem cells  None  Mice  ↓Weight loss↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology  ↓T lymphocyte proliferation↓B lymphocyte proliferation↑PD-L1 expression
(103)  Ulcerative colitis  Embryonic stem cellsAdipose tissueUmbilical cord  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Weight loss↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology  ↓Inflamatory cell infiltration in the colon↓Cycling CD4 T-cells↓Activated T cells↓IL-2↓TNF-α↓IFN-γ
(104)  Ulcerative colitis  Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↑Survival rates↓Weight loss↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology  ↓Intra-colonTNF-α↓Intra-colon IFN-γ↓Intra-colon IL-1β↓Intra-colon IL-6↓IL-12↓Intra-colon CCL5↓Intra-colon CXCL2↑Intra-colon IL-10↓IFN-γ+Th1 cell expansion↑CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs expansion
(105)  Ulcerative colitis  Menstrual blood  None  Mice  ↓Disease activity index↓Weight loss↓Colon pathology  ↓Intra-colon TNF-α↓Intra-colon IL-2↑Intra-colon IL-4↑Intra-colon IL-10↓Intra-colon MPO+ neutrophils↓Intra-colon Mac-1+ macrophages↓Intra-colon Mac-1+ NK cells↓Intra-colon Mac-1+ granulocytes↓CD3+CD25+ active T cells in the spleen↓CD3+CD8+ T cells in the spleen↓CD11c+MHC-II+ dendritic cells in the speen↑CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs expansion
(106)  Ulcerative colitis  Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↓Weight loss  ↑Adipose-tissue derived MSCs in popliteal, mesenteric parathymic and parathyroid lymph nodes
(107)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord  Administration of extracts of MSCsAdministration of MSCs  Mice  ↓Disease activity index↓Weight loss↓Colon pathology↑Intestinal epithelial barrier Effectiveness administration of extracts of MSCs >effectiveness administration of MSCs  ↓M1 macrophages↑M2 macrophages↓Myeloperoxidase activity in the colon↓Intra-colon CCL2↓Intra-colon CXCL9↓Intra-colon iNOS↓Intra-colon IL-17↑Intra-colon TGF-β1↑Intra-colon IL-10↑Intra-colon TNFSF14
↑Intra-colon CCL1↑Intra-colon Arg-1↓Intra-colon sICAM-1↓Intra-colon IL-1β↓Intra-colon IL-16↓Intra-colon CXCL10↓Intra-colon TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1
(109)  Ulcerative colitis  Bone marrow  Stimulation of MSCs with IFN-γ prior to administrationAbsence of stimulation with IFN-γ  Mice  ↓Weight loss↑Survival rates↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology↓Serum amyloid A protein Effectiveness MSCs + IFN-γ > effectiveness MSCs alone  ↑IDO↓PBMC proliferation↓CD3+ T cells infiltration in the colon↓Intra-colon TNF-α↓Intra-colon IL-6↓Intra-colon IL-17↓Intra-colon IFN-γ↑Intra-colon IL-4↑Intra-colon IL-10
(110)  Ulcerative colitis  Adipose tissue  None  Mice  ↓Weight loss↑Survival rates↓Clinical score↓Disease recurrence↓Colon pathology  ↑IL-10 secretion↓IL-12 secretion↓T cells proliferation↓Colon neutrophil infiltration↓Macrophages proliferation↑Arginase activity↑COX-2 activity↓Intra-colon TNF-α↓Intra-colon IL-6↓Intra-colon IL-1β↓Intra-colon CCL5↑TGF-β1
(113)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord  None  Mice  ↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology↓Weight loss  ↓T-cell proliferation↑IDO
(114)  Ulcerative colitis  Dental pulp Bone marrow  Stimulation of MSCs with acetylsalicylic acid prior to administrationAbsence of stimulation with acetylsalicylic acid None  Mice  ↓Weight loss↓Disease activity index↓Histologic activity index Effectiveness MSCs treated with acetylsalicylic acid > effectiveness MSCs alone  ↑AnnexinV+7AAD+ apoptotic T cells↓CD4+IL17+IFN− Th17 cells↓CD4+IL17−IFN+ Th1 cells↑CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs↓TNF-α↓IL-6↓IL-17
(115)  Ulcerative colitis  Umbilical cord  Stimulation of MSCs with 5-azacytidine prior to administration Absence of stimulation with 5-azacytidine  Mice  ↓Weight loss↑Survival rates↓Disease activity index↓Colon pathology Effectiveness MSCs treated with 5-azacytidine > effectiveness MSCs alone  ↓Infiltration of lymphocytes in the colon↓Mononuclear cells↓Jurkat cells↑COX2 gene↑PTGES gene↑PGE2↓LIF gene↓IL-6 gene↓IL-1β gene
(108)  Ulcerative colitis  Bone marrow  None  Pigs  ↓Clinical score↓Colon pathology↓Enteric neuropathy associated with intestinal inflammation  ↓CD45+ leucocytes infiltration in the colon↑Nerve fiber density in the mucosa↑Morphology of β-tubulin (III)-IR fibers in mucosal and muscular layers of colon sections↓Myenteric neuronal loss
(111)  Ulcerative colitis  Bone marrow  None  Pigs  ↓Weight loss↓Colon pathology↓Neuronal cell body hypertrophy in colon  ↓CD45+ leucocytes infiltration in the colon↓Myenteric neuronal loss
(112)  Ulcerative colitis  Bone marrow  None  Pigs  ↓Weight loss↑Repair of damaged tissue and nerve fibers  ↓CD45+ leucocytes infiltration in the colon wall and the myenteric plexus↓Myenteric neuronal loss
(116)  Crohn's disease  Bone marrow  None  Humans  ↓Crohn's disease activity index score  ↓Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation↓TNF-α↑IL-1β↑IL-6↑IL-10↓CD4+ T cells in the colon↑CD4+CD127+ Tregs in the colon
(117)  Crohn's disease  Bone marrow  None  Humans  ↓Crohn's disease activity index score  ↑IL-10↑TGF-β↑IL-6↓IFN-γ↓IL-2↓Antinuclear autoantibodies↓Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies
(118)  Type II refractory celiac disease  Bone marrow  None  Humans  ↓Stool frequency↓Weight loss↓Gut pathology  ↓IL-15 cytokine in the small intestinal mucosa↓IL-15 receptor in the small intestinal mucosa