A variety of lines of evidence point to an important role of the ANS. Prolonged apneic episodes in dogs (2 min) enhance ganglionated plexus neural activity and increase AF inducibility.305 Strong negative intrathoracic pressure applied to pigs during 2-minute apneic episodes reduces the atrial ERP and enhances AF inducibility, effects reversed by atropine or vagotomy.306 Renal denervation suppresses postapneic BP increases, AF inducibility and neurohumoral activation in pigs.307,308