The authors acknowledge the support of Jun Dong, MD, PhD; Kan Fang, MD; and Mark Fellman at the Division of Cardiovascular Devices, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) during the preparation of this document. This document does not necessarily represent the opinions, policies, or recommendations of the FDA. Document Reviewers: Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, MD, PhD; Angelo A.V. De Paola, MD, PhD; Peter M. Kistler, MBBS, PhD; Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD; Nicholas S. Peters, MD; Cristiano F. Pisani, MD; Antonio Raviele, MD; Eduardo B. Saad, MD, PhD; Kazuhiro Satomi, MD, PhD; Martin K. Stiles, MB ChB, PhD; Stephan Willems, MD, PhD

Developed in partnership with and endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Latin American Society of Cardiac Stimulation and Electrophysiology (Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología [SOLAECE]). Developed in collaboration with and endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), the Japanese Heart Rhythm Society (JHRS), and the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias (Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas [SOBRAC]). Chair: Hugh Calkins, MD, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. Section Chairs: Definitions, Mechanisms, and Rationale for AF Ablation: Shih-Ann Chen, MD, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Modifiable Risk Factors for AF and Impact on Ablation: Jonathan M. Kalman, MBBS, PhD, Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Indications: Claudio Tondo, MD, PhD, Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Center, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Strategies, Techniques, and Endpoints: Karl Heinz Kuck, MD, PhD, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany. Technology and Tools: Andrea Natale, MD, Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St. David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA. Technical Aspects of Ablation to Maximize Safety and Anticoagulation: David E. Haines, MD, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA. Follow-up Considerations: Francis E. Marchlinski, MD, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Outcomes and Efficacy: Matthew R. Reynolds, MD, MSc, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA. Complications: D. Wyn Davies, MD, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Training Requirements: Bruce D. Lindsay, MD, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Surgical and Hybrid AF Ablation: James R. Edgerton, MD, The Heart Hospital, Baylor Plano, Plano, TX, USA. Clinical Trial Design: Atul Verma, MD, Southlake Regional Health Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Appendix A
Author disclosure table
Writing group member  Institution  Consultant/Advisory board/Honoraria  Speakers’ bureau  Research grant  Fellowship support  Stock options/Partner  Board Mbs/Other
Hugh Calkins, MD (Chair)  Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD  1: Abbott Laboratories, 1: AtriCure, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Pfizer Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Toray Industries Inc., 2: iRhythm, 3: Boehringer Ingelheim, 3: Medtronic, Inc.  None  2: Medtronic, Inc., 2: Boston Scientific Corp.  None  None  None
Gerhard Hindricks, MD (Vice-Chair)  Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany  None  None  1: SIEMENS, 3: Biosense Webster, Inc., 3: Stereotaxis, Inc., 4: BIOTRONIK, 5: Boston Scientific Corp., 5: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Riccardo Cappato, MD (Vice-Chair)  Humanitas Research Hospital, Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology Research Center, Milan, Italy*  None  None  None  None  None  None
Young-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD (Vice-Chair)  Korea University, Seoul, South Korea  None  1: St. Jude Medical  2: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Eduardo B. Saad, MD, PhD (Vice-Chair)  Hospital Pro-Cardiaco and Hospital Samaritano, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  None  None  None  None  None  None
Luis Aguinaga, MD, PhD  Centro Privado de Cardiología, Tucuman, Argentina  None  None  None  None  None  None
Joseph G. Akar, MD, PhD  Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT  1: Biosense Webster  None  None  None  None  None
Vinay Badhwar, MD  West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV  None  None  None  None  None  None
Josep Brugada, MD, PhD  Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain  None  None  None  None  None  None
John Camm, MD  St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom  1: Actelion Pharmaceuticals, 1: Daiichi-Sankyo, 1: Eli Lilly, 1: Gilead Sciences, Inc., 1: Heart Metabolics, 1: InCarda Therapeutics, 1: InfoBionic, 1: Johnson and Johnson, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Milestone, 1: Pfizer, Inc., 2: Boehringer Ingelheim, 2: Boston Scientific Corp., 2: Novartis 3: Bayer HealthCare, LLC  1: Daiichi- Sankyo, 1: Servier, 2: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 2: Boehringer Ingelheim  3: Boehringer Ingelheim, 3: Daiichi-Sankyo, 3: Pfizer, Inc.  None  None  0: European Heart Rhythm Association, 1: Oxford
Peng-Sheng Chen, MD  Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN  None  None  5: National Institutes of Health  None  5: Arrhythmotech  None
Shih-Ann Chen, MD  National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan  1: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 1: Biosense Webster, 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Daiichi- Sankyo, 1: Medtronic Inc., 1: Pfizer Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  1: St. Jude Medical  2: Biosense Webster, 2: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Mina K. Chung, MD  Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH  0: Amarin, 0: BIOTRONIK, 0: Boston Scientific Corp., 0: Medtronic, Inc., 0: St. Jude Medical, 0: Zoll Medical Corporation  1: American College of Cardiology  None  None  None  1: Up to Date
Jens Cosedis Nielsen, DMSc, PhD  Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark  None  None  5. Novo Nordisk Foundation  None  None  None
Anne B. Curtis, MD  University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY  1: Daiichi-Sankyo, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Projects in Knowledge, 2: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
D. Wyn Davies, MD  Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Rhythmia Medical  None  None  None  3: Rhythmia Medical  None
John D. Day, MD  Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT  1: BIOTRONIK, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 3: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
André d’Avila, MD, PhD  Hospital SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil  None  0: BIOTRONIK, 0: St. Jude Medical  0: BIOTRONIK, 0: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
N.M.S. (Natasja) de Groot, MD, PhD  Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands  None  None  None  None  None  None
Luigi Di Biase, MD, PhD  Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore-Einstein Center for Heart & Vascular Care, Bronx, NY  1: Atricure, 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: EpiEP, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Stereotaxis, Inc.  None  None  None  None  None
Mattias Duytschaever, MD, PhD  Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent (Ghent University Hospital), Ghent, Belgium  None  None  None  None  None  None
James R. Edgerton, MD  The Heart Hospital, Baylor Plano, Plano, TX  2: AtriCure, Inc.  1: AtriCure, Inc.  2: AtriCure, Inc.  None  None  None
Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD  Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA  1: American Heart Association, 1: Heart Rhythm Society, 2: Boston Scientific Corp.  1: AtriCure, Inc., 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: St. Jude Medical, 2: Boston Scientific Corp., 2: Medtronic, Inc.  2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Daiichi-Sankyo, 2: National Institutes of Health, 4: Boston Scientific Corp., 4: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  1: Elsevier, 1: Wiley-Blackwell
Patrick T. Ellinor, MD, PhD  Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA  1: Bayer HealthCare, LLC, 1: Quest Diagnostics  None  1: Leducq Foundation, 3: American Heart Association, 3: National Institutes of Health, 5: Bayer HealthCare, LLC  None  None  None
Sabine Ernst, MD, PhD  Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom  2: Biosense Webster, Inc.  None  4: Spectrum Dynamics  None  None  None
Guilherme Fenelon, MD, PhD  Albert Einstein Jewish Hospital, Federal University of S~ ao Paulo, S~ ao Paulo, Brazil  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
Edward P. Gerstenfeld, MS, MD  University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA  1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 4: St. Jude Medical  2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: BIOTRONIK, 2: Boston Scientific Corp., 2: Medtronic, Inc.  1: Rhythm Diagnostic Systems Inc.  None
David E. Haines, MD  Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI  1: Lake Region Medical, 1: Terumo Medical Corp  None  None  None  None  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical
Michel Haissaguerre, MD  Hopital Cardiologique ^ du Haut-Lév^ eque, Pessac, France  None  None  None  None  None  None
Robert H. Helm, MD  Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA  None  None  None  None  None  1: Boston Scientific Corp.
Elaine Hylek, MD, MPH  Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA  1: Bayer, 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bristol- Myers Squibb, 1: Daiichi-Sankyo, 1: Medtronic, 1: Portola, 1: Pfizer  None  2: Janssen Pharmaceuticals  None  None  None
Warren M. Jackman, MD  Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK  1: ACT, 1: VytronUS, Inc., 2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Boston Scientific Corp., 2: Spectrum Dynamics  1: BIOTRONIK, 1: St. Jude Medical, 2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Boston Scientific Corp.  None  None  None  None
Jose Jalife, MD  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, the National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III (CNIC) and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain  1: Topera Medical  None  1: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  None
Jonathan M. Kalman, MBBS, PhD  Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia  None  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc.  4: Medtronic, Inc.  3: St. Jude Medical, 4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 4: Medtronic, Inc.  None  2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 4: Boston Scientific Corp.
Josef Kautzner, MD, PhD  Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic  1: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Daiichi-Sankyo, 1: Sorin Group, 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Medtronic, Inc.  1: BIOTRONIK 1: Medtronic, Inc. 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None
Hans Kottkamp, MD  Hirslanden Hospital, Dept. of Electrophysiology, Zurich, Switzerland  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Kardium  None  None  None  1: Kardium  None
Karl Heinz Kuck, MD, PhD  Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Stereotaxis, Inc.  None  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Stereotaxis, Inc.  None  1: Endosense  None
Koichiro Kumagai, MD, PhD  Heart Rhythm Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan  None  None  None  None  None  None
Richard Lee, MD, MBA  Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, MO  None  None  None  None  None  None
Thorsten Lewalter, MD, PhD  Dept. of Cardiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Munich- Thalkirchen, Munich, Germany  1: BIOTRONIK, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  1: Abbott Vascular, 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None
Bruce D. Lindsay, MD  Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH  0: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Abbott Vascular, 1: Biosense Webster, Inc.  None  None  3: Boston Scientific Corp., 3: Medtronic, Inc., 3: St. Jude Medical  None  None
Laurent Macle, MD  Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada  1: Bayer HealthCare, LLC, 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bristol- Myers Squibb, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Pfizer, Inc., 1: Servier, 1: St. Jude Medical  None  4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 5: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Moussa Mansour, MD  Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 4: St. Jude Medical, 5: Pfizer, 5: Boehringer Ingelheim  None  4: NewPace Ltd.  None
Francis E. Marchlinski, MD  Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA  1: Abbot Medical; 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: BIOTRONIK, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  3: Medtronic, Inc., 4: Biosense Webster, Inc.  1: BIOTRONIK, 3: Boston Scientific Corp., 3: Medtronic, Inc., 4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 5: St. Jude Medical  None  None
Gregory F. Michaud, MD  Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 4: Boston Scientific Corp.  None  None  None
Hiroshi Nakagawa, MD, PhD  Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK  2: Biosense Webster, Inc 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 2: Stereotaxis, Inc., 3: Japan Lifeline, 3: Fukuda Denshi  1: Medtronic, Inc, 2: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Spectrum Dynamics  4: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Japan Lifeline, 2: Affera  None  None  None
Andrea Natale, MD  Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St. David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 2: Biosense Webster, Inc.  None  None  None  None  None
Stanley Nattel, MD  Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, and University Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany  1: Merck Pharmaceuticals, 1: Xention Discovery  None  3: OMEICOS Therapeutics  None  None  0: Montreal Heart Institute/Inventor Patents
Ken Okumura, MD, PhD  Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bristol- Myers Squibb, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 2: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 3: Daiichi-Sankyo  None  2: Biosense Webster, Inc., 2: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  None
Douglas Packer, MD  Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN  0: Abbott Laboratories, 0: Abiomed, 0: Aperture Diagnostics, 0: Biosense Webster, Inc., 0: Boston Scientific Corp., 0: CardioFocus, Inc., 0: CardioInsight Technologies, 0: Johnson and Johnson, 0: Johnson and Johnson Healthcare Systems, 0: MediaSphere Medical, LLC, 0: Medtronic CryoCath, 0: SIEMENS, 0: St. Jude Medical  None  0: American Heart Association, 0: Boston Scientific/EPT, 0: CardioInsight, 0: Endosense, 0: SIEMENS Acuson, 0: SIEMENS Acunav, 1: CardioFocus, 1: Hansen Medical, 1: Medtronic, Inc. 2: National Institutes of Health, 3: Thermedical (EP Limited), 5: Biosense Webster, 5: St. Jude Medical  None  None  1: Medtronic, 1: Oxford Press (Royalty), 1: SIEMENS, 1: WebMD, 1: Wiley- Blackwell (Royalty), 2: Biosense Webster, 4: St. Jude Medical (Royalty)
Evgeny Pokushalov, MD, PhD  State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  None  None  None
Matthew R. Reynolds, MD, MSc  Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
Prashanthan Sanders, MBBS, PhD  Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: CathRx, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  4: Sorin Group, 5: BIOTRONIK, 5: Boston Scientific Corp., 5: Medtronic, Inc., 5: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Mauricio Scanavacca, MD, PhD  Instituto do Corac ¸~ ao (InCor), S~ ao Paulo, Brazil  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  1: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 1: Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1: Johnson and Johnson, 1: Daiichi- Sankyo  2: Johnson and Johnson  2: Johnson and Johnson  None  None
Richard Schilling, MD  Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Daiichi- Sankyo, 1: Hansen Medical, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Hansen Medical, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 4: Boston Scientific Corp., 4: Medtronic, Inc., 4: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None
Claudio Tondo, MD, PhD  Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Center, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy  None  None  None  None  None  None
Hsuan-Ming Tsao, MD  National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan City, Taiwan  None  None  None  None  None  None
Atul Verma, MD  Southlake Regional Health Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada  1: Bayer HealthCare, LLC, 1: Boehringer Ingelheim  None  5: Bayer HealthCare, LLC, 5: Biosense Webster, Inc., 5: BIOTRONIK, 5: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  None
David J. Wilber, MD  Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL  1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Thermedical  None  1: Abbott Vascular, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Thermedical, 3: Biosense Webster, Inc.  3: Biosense Webster, Inc., 3: Medtronic, Inc., 3: St. Jude Medical  None  1: Elsevier, 1: Wiley-Blackwell, 4: American College of Cardiology Foundation
Teiichi Yamane, MD, PhD  Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan  1: Bayer HealthCare, 1: Medtronic, 2: Abott Japan, 2: Daiichi- Sankyo, 2: Boehringer Ingelheim, 2: Bristol- Myers Squibb  None  1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bayer HealthCare  None  None  None
Number Value: 0 = $0; 1 = ≤ $10,000; 2 = > $10,000 to ≤ $25,000; 3 = > $25,000 to ≤ $50,000; 4 = > $50,000 to ≤ $100,000; 5 = > $100,000.
*  Dr. Cappato is now with the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy, and IRCCS, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.

Appendix B
Reviewer disclosure table
Peer reviewer  Institution  Consultant/Advisory board/Honoraria  Speakers’ bureau  Research grant  Fellowship support  Stock options/Partner  Board Mbs/Other
Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, MD, PhD  Department of Cardiology and Medical Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden  1: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Sano3, 1: Pfizer, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biosense Webster, Inc.  None  1: Cardiome Pharma/Astellas, 1: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  None
Angelo A.V. De Paola, MD, PhD  Hospital São Paulo – Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil  None  None  None  None  None  None
Peter M. Kistler, MBBS, PhD  The Alfred Hospital Heart Centre, Melbourne, Australia  None  1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None
Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD  University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark  1: Medtronic, 3: Bayer/Janssen, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi- Sankyo  3: Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are received personally  None  None  None  None
Nicholas S. Peters, MD  St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Cardialen, Inc., 1: Cardiologs, 1: Magnetecs, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
Cristiano F. Pisani, MD  InCor, Heart Insitute, HCFMUSP, Arrhythmia Unit  None  None  None  None  None  None
Antonio Raviele, MD  ALFA-Alliance to Fight Atrial Fibrillation, Rimini, Italy  None  None  None  None  None  None
Eduardo B. Saad, MD, PhD  Hospital Pro-Cardiaco and Hospital Samaritano, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  None  None  None  None  None  None
Kazuhiro Satomi, MD, PhD  Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan  1: Bayer/Schering Pharma, 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bristol- Myers Squibb, 1: Japan Lifeline, 1: Johnson and Johnson, 1: Medtronic, Inc., 1: Sankyo Pharmaceuticals, 1: St. Jude Medical  None  None  None  None  None
Martin K. Stiles, MB ChB, PhD  Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand  1: Boston Scientific Corp., 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: BIOTRONIK, 1: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None  1: Medtronic, Inc.  None  None
Stephan Willems, MD, PhD  University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany  1: Bayer HealthCare, LLC, 1: Biosense Webster, Inc., 1: Boehringer Ingelheim, 1: Bristol- Myers Squibb, 1: Sano3, 1: St. Jude Medical, 1: Medtronic  None  None  None  None  None
Number Value: 0 = $0; 1 = ≤ $10,000; 2 = > $10,000 to ≤ $25,000; 3 = > $25,000 to ≤ $50,000; 4 = >$50,000 to ≤ $100,000; 5 = > $100,000.  ABBREVIATIONS
3D three-dimensional
AADs antiarrhythmic drugs
AATAC Ablation vs Amiodarone for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and an Implanted ICD/CRTD
ACE asymptomatic cerebral emboli
ACT activated clotting time
ADVICE Adenosine Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation to Target Dormant Conduction Elimination study
AEF atrial esophageal flstula
AF atrial fibrillation
AFACART Non-Invasive Mapping of Atrial Fibrillation study
AFACT Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Autonomic Modulation via Thoracoscopic Surgery study
AFCL atrial fibrillation cycle length
AFEQT Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life questionnaire
AFL atrial flutter
AH arterial hypertension
ANS autonomic nervous system
APD action potential duration
ARREST-AF Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Study for Atrial Fibrillation and Implications for the Outcome of Ablation study
ASD atrial septal defect
ASTA Arrhythmia-Specific questionnaire in Tachycardia and Arrhythmia
AT atrial tachycardia
ATA atrial tachyarrhythmia
ATP adenosine triphosphate
AV atrioventricular
AVR aortic valve replacement
BIFA box isolation of fibrotic areas
BMI body mass index
BP blood pressure
Bpm beats per minute
BSM body surface mapping
CABANA Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial
CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
CaMKII Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
CB cryoballoon
CBA cryoballoon ablation
CF contact force
CFAE complex fractionated atrial electrogram
CFS contact force sensing
CGCI Catheter Guidance, Control, and Imaging
CHASE-AF Catheter Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation study
CI confidence interval
CMAP compound motor action potentials
CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
CPVA circumferential PV ablation
Cryo-FIRST Catheter Cryoa-blation vs Antiarrhythmic Drug as First-Line Therapy of Paroxysmal AF trial
CS coronary sinus
CSA central sleep apnea
CT com-puted tomography
CV conduction velocity
DAD delayed after-depolarization
DE delayed enhancement
DECAAF Delayed Enhancement MRI and Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation study
DF dominant excitation frequency
DM diabetes mellitus
DW-MRI diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
EAM electroanatomical mapping
EAST Early Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial
EAVM electroanatomical voltage mapping
ECG electrocardio-gram
ECGI noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging
EF ejection fraction
ERAF early recurrence of AF
ERP effective refractory period
FACM fibrotic atrial cardiomy-opathy
FAP fractionated atrial potential
FAST AF Catheter Ablation Versus Surgical Ablation Treatment trial
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FIRM focal impulse and rotor modulation
FLAIR fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
FTI force-time integral
GP ganglionated plexi
HCM hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy
HDF highest dominant excitation frequency
HF heart failure
HFS high-frequency stimulation
HR hazard ratio
ICE intracardiac echocardiography
IRGP inferior right ganglionated plexi
ILR implantable loop recorder
INR international normalized ratio
LA left atrial
LAA left atrial appendage
LAD left atrial dimension
LALA left atrial linear ablation
LEGACY Long-Term Effect of Goal Directed Weight Management on an Atrial Fibrillation Cohort study
LGE late gadolinium-enhanced
LI left inferior
LICU low-intensity collimated ultrasound
LIPV left inferior pulmonary vein
LOE Level of Evidence
Look AHEAD Action for Health in Diabetes
LS left superior
LSPV left superior pulmonary vein
LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
MANTRA-PAF Medical ANtiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
MAP mean arterial pressure
MLWHF Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
MVRR mitral valve repair or replacement
NCDR National Cardiovascular Data Registry
NCX Na+-Ca2+ exchanger
NOAC novel oral anticoagulant
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OAC oral anticoagulation
OCEAN Optimal Anticoagulation for Higher Risk Patients Post-Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
ODIn-AF Prevention of Silent Cerebral Thromboembolism by Oral Anticoagulation With Dabigatran After PVI for Atrial Fibrillation trial
OPC objective performance criteria
OR odds ratio
OSA obstructive sleep apnea
PA peripheral artery
PABA-CHF Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation versus AV Node Ablation with Bi-Ventricular Pacing for Treatment of AF in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
PAF paroxysmal AF
PCC pro-thrombin complex concentrates
PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
PKA protein kinase A
PN phrenic nerve
PPIs proton pump inhibitors
PROTECT AF WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
PS phase singularity
PSD peak skin dose
PV pulmonary vein
PVAC pulmonary vein ablation catheter
PVI pulmonary vein isolation
QALY quality-adjusted life year
QOL quality of life
RA right atrium
RAAFT First Line Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation Treatment
RAAFT-2 Radiofrequency Ablation versus Antiarrhythmic drugs as First-line Treatment of Paroxysmal AF
RCA right coronary artery
RCT randomized controlled trial
RD risk difference
RE-CIRCUIT Randomized Evaluation of Da-bigatran Etexilate Compared to Warfarin in Pulmonary Vein Ablation: Assessment of an Uninterrupted Periprocedural Anticoagulation Strategy
RF radiofrequency
RFA radiofre-quency energy ablation
RFC radiofrequency catheter
RFCA radiofrequency catheter ablation
RI right inferior
RIPV right inferior pulmonary vein
RP refractory period
RR relative risk
RS right superior
RSPV right superior pulmonary vein
RVSP right ventricular systolic pressure
SARA Study of Ablation Versus antiaRrhythmic Drugs in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
SMART-AF ThermoCool SmartTouch Catheter for the Treatment of Symptomatic Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
SPECULATE Effect of Amiodarone on the Procedure Outcome in Long-standing persistent AF Undergoing PV Antral Isolation
SR sarcoplasmic reticulum
STAR AF II Substrate and Trigger Ablation for Reduction of AF Trial Part II
STOP-AF Sustained Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
SVC superior vena cava
TEE transesophageal echo-cardiogram
TIA transient ischemic attack
VATS video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
VKA vitamin K antagonist
WACA wide-area circumferential ablation
WL wavelength