We calculated Cramér’s V for the association between two nominal variables. In our analyses, the number of levels equaled the number of haplotypes. V2 is the square of the mean canonical correlation and is equivalent to Pearson’s r2 if at least one variable has only two levels. We implemented a bias-corrected version of Cramér’s V given by V˜=φ˜2/m˜, φ˜2=max(0,φ2−((r−1)(c−1)/n−1)), φ2=χ2/n, m˜=min(r˜−1,c˜−1), r˜=r−((r−1)2/n−1), c˜=c−((c−1)2/n−1), where n is the sample size and χ2 is the chi-square statistic without a continuity correction for a contingency table with r rows and c columns.29