For all in vitro quantitative analyses, three to five experiments were performed. The mean values for MTT and LDH assays were measured from three wells in each group in each cell culture. The final value was determined by comparison of the value of LDH or MTT to that of control group (as 100%). For immunofluorescence quantification, 8–10 photos were randomly taken from four to five coverslips in each group by a fluorescence microscope under a 20× objective in each experiment. Two blinded individuals counted the number of MAP2 or GFAP positive cells. Similar processes of quantitative analysis were performed for FJB, intracellular calcium, ROS and mitochondrial permeability. Fluorescent intensity was measured using ImageJ software (version 1.45 s, NIH, USA). For quantitative protein analysis from Western blotting, photos were obtained with an imaging system (Alliance 6.7, UVITEC Limited, UK). Signal intensities of the membranes were analyzed using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad).