2.1. Herbs, Mushrooms, and Dietary Plants Analyzed by DNA Microarray Assays
A number of herbs, mushrooms, and dietary plants, including those used as TCM in China, Korea (TKM), and Japan (Kampo), have been analyzed by DMA (Table 1).
Extracts from herbs have been analyzed by DMA, including the following: extracts of the whole, or parts such as flower and leaves, of alkanet root, American ginseng, barbed skullcap, beach vitex, beth root, black cohosh, cancer bush, Chinese figwort, boneset, dong quai, field horsetail, greater celandine, kava, leigongteng, moutan, mum, orchid, pink lapacho, purple coneflower, salai, St. John’s wort, turmeric, and wild yam. Meanwhile, the extracts of root, radix or rhizome were made from Chinese goldthread, Chinese peony, cistanche, danshen, goldthread, huang-qi, kudzu, and sheng-di-huang; the extracts of seeds were from lotus; or the extracts enriched in essential oil were from lovage and turmeric.
The extracts from mushrooms were also analyzed after extraction of the whole or the fruiting body, such as that from buna-shimeji, caterpillar fungus, common mushroom, himematsutake, hiratake, lingzhi, lumpy bracket, maitake, and turkey tail; after extraction of the mycelium, such as that from caterpillar fungus, himematsutake, lingzhi, lumpy bracket, maitake, shiitake, and turkey tail; or after extraction of polysaccharides from lingzhi or triterpenes from hiratake, hoelen, and lingzhi.
Extracts were made from mixtures of TCM, such as the following: Danggui Buxue Tang, Guanxin No. 2 decoction, Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction, ISF-1, Kangxianling, PC-SPES, Pulsatillae decoction, Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan, Qinggan Huoxuefang, S/B remedy, Si-Wu-Tang, VI-28, Xiaoqinglong decoction, Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, and Zeng Sheng Ping (TCM); Chunggan, SH21B, and Youkongdan (TKM); or Boiogito, Bofutsushosan, Orengedokuto, Hochu-ekki-to, Inchin-ko-to, Juzen-taiho-to, Kososan, Saireito, Toki-shakuyaku-san, and Toki-to (Kampo).
Extracts were made from other dietary plants (including vegetables, fruit, and cereals), such as bilberry, bitter gourd, buckwheat, carob, Chinese mahogany, Chungkookjang (fermented soybean), ginger, gromwell, kothala himbutu, Marie Ménard apple, and tarragon, or more common food materials such as apple, black raspberry, blueberry, broccoli, citrus, clove, garlic, ginkgo, grape, grapefruit, green tea, kiwi fruit, lychee, nectarine, oil palm, olive, peach, persimmon, pistachio, soybean, and sweetcorn.