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article-title
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Atypical MRI features in familial adult onset Alexander disease: case report
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abstract
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Background
Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurological disease, especially in adults. It shows variable clinical and radiological features.
Case presentation
We diagnosed a female with AxD presenting with paroxysmal numbness of the limbs at the onset age of 28-year-old, progressing gradually to spastic paraparesis at age 30. One year later, she had ataxia, bulbar paralysis, bowel and bladder urgency. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54-year-old. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal signals in periventricular white matter with severe atrophy in the medulla oblongata and thoracic spinal cord, and mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is unusual in the adult form of AxD. She and her daughter’s glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene analysis revealed the same heterozygous missense mutation, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, despite of no neurological symptoms in her daughter.
Conclusions
Our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
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sec
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Background
Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurological disease, especially in adults. It shows variable clinical and radiological features.
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title
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Background
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p
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Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurological disease, especially in adults. It shows variable clinical and radiological features.
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sec
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Case presentation
We diagnosed a female with AxD presenting with paroxysmal numbness of the limbs at the onset age of 28-year-old, progressing gradually to spastic paraparesis at age 30. One year later, she had ataxia, bulbar paralysis, bowel and bladder urgency. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54-year-old. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal signals in periventricular white matter with severe atrophy in the medulla oblongata and thoracic spinal cord, and mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is unusual in the adult form of AxD. She and her daughter’s glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene analysis revealed the same heterozygous missense mutation, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, despite of no neurological symptoms in her daughter.
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title
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Case presentation
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p
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We diagnosed a female with AxD presenting with paroxysmal numbness of the limbs at the onset age of 28-year-old, progressing gradually to spastic paraparesis at age 30. One year later, she had ataxia, bulbar paralysis, bowel and bladder urgency. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54-year-old. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal signals in periventricular white matter with severe atrophy in the medulla oblongata and thoracic spinal cord, and mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is unusual in the adult form of AxD. She and her daughter’s glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene analysis revealed the same heterozygous missense mutation, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, despite of no neurological symptoms in her daughter.
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Conclusions
Our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
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title
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Conclusions
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p
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Our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
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body
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Background
Alexander disease (AxD, OMIM 203450) is a rare but fatal central nervous system disease. Three subtypes are distinguished upon the onset age: infantile (under age 2), juvenile (age 2 to 12) and adult (over age 12). The infantile form is the most common subtype while the adult onset the least. All subtypes have been described and present with different clinical manifestations. However, the pathological hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, called rosenthal fibers, which are composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the main intermediate filament of astrocytes [1].
The adult cases can be distinguished in familial or sporadic form. Here, we present a case of adult onset AxD with family pedigree.
Case presentation
A 34-year-old female was evaluated at our hospital with a 6-year history of progressive neurological symptoms. At age 28, she developed paroxysmal numbness in the left limbs, and two years later she had unilateral limb weakness. She was misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis at the other hospital 2 years after onset. After high-dose pulse methylprednisolone therapy, the illness had no mitigation. The above mentioned symptoms progressively worsened. At age 31, she subsequently developed ataxia, dysarthria, depression, and bowel and bladder urgency with occasional incontinence. And her hands became mild muscle atrophy one year later.
She denied any medical history before. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54 years old. Her 8-year-old daughter didn’t present with any neurological symptoms but had brain lesions. Other family members were healthy (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
Her general medical examination was unremarkable. In neurological examination, she had normal mental status and language testing. The mixed spastic-ataxic dysarthria and horizontal gaze nystagmus were noted. Myokymia was observed in lingualis with weakness of bulbar muscles. Her hands showed mild muscular atrophy. The muscles strength of the bilateral upper-extremities, the left lower-extremity, the right lower-extremity were grade 4, 2, 1, respectively. The increased tendon reflexes and the positive Babinski signs were observed bilaterally. Ataxia was observed in bilateral upper limbs. There was no apparent sensory deficit or extrapyramidal signs. The latest score of modified Rankin scale is 4.
Serum laboratory studies showed unremarkable (complete blood count, routine chemistry test, clotting studies, electrolyte panel, creatinine, glucose, liver and renal function tests, vitamin B12, vitamin E, folic acid, autoimmune antibodies, and infection including hepatitis virus antibodies, Treponema serology, HIV antibodies). Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a normal opening pressure, the cell count, protein, glucose, IgG index, anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, and intrathecal IgG synthesis rate without oligoclonal bands.
Electroencephalogram, electrophysiological, visual evoked potential, as well as all of the autonomic nervous system testing were all normal 2 years after onset except aural conduction in their brainstem evoked potential.
Her brain MRI demonstrated bilateral and symmetric abnormal signals without gadolinium enhancement, which were predominantly distributed in the periventricular, and subcortical white matter. Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) revealed slightly hyperintensity in the periventricular areas. Magnetic resonance angiography was normal [Fig. 2]. The marked atrophy of the medullary oblongata and thoracic spinal cord was seen, while the atrophy of cervical spinal cord was relatively mild. Abnormal T2 hyperintensity was noted in the pyramidal tract of spine. With symptoms progressively worsening, medullary and cerebellar atrophy accelerated [Fig. 3]. Her daughter brain MRI showed abnormality in the periventricular white matter [Fig. 4].
Fig. 2 Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
Fig. 3 Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
Fig. 4 Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
Her genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral leucocytes when an informed consent was obtained from the patient and her husband. A heterogeneous missense mutation was detected in exon 8 (c.1246C > T) of the GFAP gene, causing a change of arginine to tryptophan at amino acid position 416 (p.R416W). Her daughter’s genomic DNA showed the same heterozygous mutation but without any neurological symptoms [Fig. 5]. Upon clinical, family history, MRI finding and gene analysis, she was confirmed as adult AxD.
Fig. 5 The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
This case with AxD is characterized by typical clinical and MRI findings, especially with family history and adult onset. The heterozygous missense mutation in the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W was identified, which was already shown to be pathogenic in adult onset AxD [2, 3]. It has been reported that adult AxD has various clinical courses. Most cases have a subacute onset and gradually progressive course [2], but some present an acute onset [4]. There is no gender difference. About half of the cases is familial, consistent with autosomal dominant transmission. The mean age of onset is usually in the late thirties. Our patient had pseudobulbar, spastic paresis and ataxia, which are acknowledged as the cardinal triad of the clinical presentations and appear in approximately 70 % of cases [2, 4, 5]. Palatal myoclonus, which is specific and essential for AxD diagnosis, is only observed in one third, especially in hereditary cases [6], not seen in our patient. Nearly 45 % of reported patients had autonomic dysfunction including bowel/bladder dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension [7], which was found in our patient.
Typical MRI findings included marked signal periventricular changes, atrophy of the bulbar region and upper cervical spinal cord in adult AxD [2, 7]. Approximately 90 % cases showed marked medullary atrophy and 50 % had deep white matter lesions or periventricular changes [5]. Farina et al. reported that patients under 40 years old were easier to have periventricular white matter abnormalities and postcontrast enhancement than patients over 40, which showed different levels of abnormal diffusivity On DWI, but some cases were normal [8]. In our case, MRI findings showed the severe atrophy in bulbar region and thoracic spinal cord, but mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is rare in the adult AxD. On DWI, our patient had slightly hyperintensity of extensive periventricular white matter. The lesions without gadolinium enhancement might be related to the decreased amounts and limited distribution of rosenthal fibers [8]. It should be stressed that MRI findings in our case was atypical despite of the lesion locating in the typical regions.
In the radiologic differential diagnosis of adult AxD, several disorders need to be considered [9]. Diseases like degenerative disorders, particularly progressive supranuclear palsy, multisystem atrophy with cerebellar predominance, and various spinocerebellar ataxias often have brain stem and cerebellum atrophy but without lesions in periventricular white matter [8]. Besiedes, some leukodystrophies which are similar to adult AxD were described below (see Table 1) [5, 10–17].
Table 1 The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
Beside, asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities have been described in some reports [2, 6, 8, 18–23]. Here we listed several asymptomatic carriers similar to our patient’s daughter who had abnormal brain MRI and carrying the gene mutation (see Table 2).
Table 2 The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
c.994G > A p.E332K
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
c.154C > T p.P47L
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
Mutations in the GFAP gene, which lead to the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in rosenthal fibers in association with the small heat shock proteins, HSP27 and aB-crystallin [1], are thought to account for more than 95 % of AxD cases [24]. In infantile [3, 25, 26], juvenile [20, 27] and sporadic adult AxD [28–30], the heterozygous missense mutation of the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, has been reported to be one of the causes of AxD. While In familial adult onset AxD it has been rarely reported. Thyagarajan described a woman and her son with adult onset AxD and the above mutation [31]. They had different clinical manifestations but strikingly similar MRI abnormalities and the same GFAP mutation. It means that molecularly characterized inherited AxD is a cause of symptoms. The same GFAP mutation can cause both early and late onset AxD, and vertical transmission occurs in adult onset AxD with GFAP mutations. Our patient, her mother and maternal aunt had similar neurological manifestations but the latter two had a relative later onset. Nevertheless, her mother’s clinical manifestations deteriorated rapidly, her maternal aunt has mild symptoms with comparatively slow progress. She and her daughter had the same heterozygous missense mutation. All these findings suggest that the familial Adult AxD members can possibly show either similar or different manifestations. The molecular genetic evidence of our AxD family favors that AxD is an autosomal dominant inheritance [32], but further long-term follow-up is needed.
Conclusions
In summary, our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
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Background
Alexander disease (AxD, OMIM 203450) is a rare but fatal central nervous system disease. Three subtypes are distinguished upon the onset age: infantile (under age 2), juvenile (age 2 to 12) and adult (over age 12). The infantile form is the most common subtype while the adult onset the least. All subtypes have been described and present with different clinical manifestations. However, the pathological hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, called rosenthal fibers, which are composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the main intermediate filament of astrocytes [1].
The adult cases can be distinguished in familial or sporadic form. Here, we present a case of adult onset AxD with family pedigree.
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title
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Background
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p
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Alexander disease (AxD, OMIM 203450) is a rare but fatal central nervous system disease. Three subtypes are distinguished upon the onset age: infantile (under age 2), juvenile (age 2 to 12) and adult (over age 12). The infantile form is the most common subtype while the adult onset the least. All subtypes have been described and present with different clinical manifestations. However, the pathological hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes, called rosenthal fibers, which are composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the main intermediate filament of astrocytes [1].
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p
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The adult cases can be distinguished in familial or sporadic form. Here, we present a case of adult onset AxD with family pedigree.
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sec
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Case presentation
A 34-year-old female was evaluated at our hospital with a 6-year history of progressive neurological symptoms. At age 28, she developed paroxysmal numbness in the left limbs, and two years later she had unilateral limb weakness. She was misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis at the other hospital 2 years after onset. After high-dose pulse methylprednisolone therapy, the illness had no mitigation. The above mentioned symptoms progressively worsened. At age 31, she subsequently developed ataxia, dysarthria, depression, and bowel and bladder urgency with occasional incontinence. And her hands became mild muscle atrophy one year later.
She denied any medical history before. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54 years old. Her 8-year-old daughter didn’t present with any neurological symptoms but had brain lesions. Other family members were healthy (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
Her general medical examination was unremarkable. In neurological examination, she had normal mental status and language testing. The mixed spastic-ataxic dysarthria and horizontal gaze nystagmus were noted. Myokymia was observed in lingualis with weakness of bulbar muscles. Her hands showed mild muscular atrophy. The muscles strength of the bilateral upper-extremities, the left lower-extremity, the right lower-extremity were grade 4, 2, 1, respectively. The increased tendon reflexes and the positive Babinski signs were observed bilaterally. Ataxia was observed in bilateral upper limbs. There was no apparent sensory deficit or extrapyramidal signs. The latest score of modified Rankin scale is 4.
Serum laboratory studies showed unremarkable (complete blood count, routine chemistry test, clotting studies, electrolyte panel, creatinine, glucose, liver and renal function tests, vitamin B12, vitamin E, folic acid, autoimmune antibodies, and infection including hepatitis virus antibodies, Treponema serology, HIV antibodies). Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a normal opening pressure, the cell count, protein, glucose, IgG index, anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, and intrathecal IgG synthesis rate without oligoclonal bands.
Electroencephalogram, electrophysiological, visual evoked potential, as well as all of the autonomic nervous system testing were all normal 2 years after onset except aural conduction in their brainstem evoked potential.
Her brain MRI demonstrated bilateral and symmetric abnormal signals without gadolinium enhancement, which were predominantly distributed in the periventricular, and subcortical white matter. Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) revealed slightly hyperintensity in the periventricular areas. Magnetic resonance angiography was normal [Fig. 2]. The marked atrophy of the medullary oblongata and thoracic spinal cord was seen, while the atrophy of cervical spinal cord was relatively mild. Abnormal T2 hyperintensity was noted in the pyramidal tract of spine. With symptoms progressively worsening, medullary and cerebellar atrophy accelerated [Fig. 3]. Her daughter brain MRI showed abnormality in the periventricular white matter [Fig. 4].
Fig. 2 Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
Fig. 3 Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
Fig. 4 Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
Her genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral leucocytes when an informed consent was obtained from the patient and her husband. A heterogeneous missense mutation was detected in exon 8 (c.1246C > T) of the GFAP gene, causing a change of arginine to tryptophan at amino acid position 416 (p.R416W). Her daughter’s genomic DNA showed the same heterozygous mutation but without any neurological symptoms [Fig. 5]. Upon clinical, family history, MRI finding and gene analysis, she was confirmed as adult AxD.
Fig. 5 The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
This case with AxD is characterized by typical clinical and MRI findings, especially with family history and adult onset. The heterozygous missense mutation in the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W was identified, which was already shown to be pathogenic in adult onset AxD [2, 3]. It has been reported that adult AxD has various clinical courses. Most cases have a subacute onset and gradually progressive course [2], but some present an acute onset [4]. There is no gender difference. About half of the cases is familial, consistent with autosomal dominant transmission. The mean age of onset is usually in the late thirties. Our patient had pseudobulbar, spastic paresis and ataxia, which are acknowledged as the cardinal triad of the clinical presentations and appear in approximately 70 % of cases [2, 4, 5]. Palatal myoclonus, which is specific and essential for AxD diagnosis, is only observed in one third, especially in hereditary cases [6], not seen in our patient. Nearly 45 % of reported patients had autonomic dysfunction including bowel/bladder dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension [7], which was found in our patient.
Typical MRI findings included marked signal periventricular changes, atrophy of the bulbar region and upper cervical spinal cord in adult AxD [2, 7]. Approximately 90 % cases showed marked medullary atrophy and 50 % had deep white matter lesions or periventricular changes [5]. Farina et al. reported that patients under 40 years old were easier to have periventricular white matter abnormalities and postcontrast enhancement than patients over 40, which showed different levels of abnormal diffusivity On DWI, but some cases were normal [8]. In our case, MRI findings showed the severe atrophy in bulbar region and thoracic spinal cord, but mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is rare in the adult AxD. On DWI, our patient had slightly hyperintensity of extensive periventricular white matter. The lesions without gadolinium enhancement might be related to the decreased amounts and limited distribution of rosenthal fibers [8]. It should be stressed that MRI findings in our case was atypical despite of the lesion locating in the typical regions.
In the radiologic differential diagnosis of adult AxD, several disorders need to be considered [9]. Diseases like degenerative disorders, particularly progressive supranuclear palsy, multisystem atrophy with cerebellar predominance, and various spinocerebellar ataxias often have brain stem and cerebellum atrophy but without lesions in periventricular white matter [8]. Besiedes, some leukodystrophies which are similar to adult AxD were described below (see Table 1) [5, 10–17].
Table 1 The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
Beside, asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities have been described in some reports [2, 6, 8, 18–23]. Here we listed several asymptomatic carriers similar to our patient’s daughter who had abnormal brain MRI and carrying the gene mutation (see Table 2).
Table 2 The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
c.994G > A p.E332K
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
c.154C > T p.P47L
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
Mutations in the GFAP gene, which lead to the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in rosenthal fibers in association with the small heat shock proteins, HSP27 and aB-crystallin [1], are thought to account for more than 95 % of AxD cases [24]. In infantile [3, 25, 26], juvenile [20, 27] and sporadic adult AxD [28–30], the heterozygous missense mutation of the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, has been reported to be one of the causes of AxD. While In familial adult onset AxD it has been rarely reported. Thyagarajan described a woman and her son with adult onset AxD and the above mutation [31]. They had different clinical manifestations but strikingly similar MRI abnormalities and the same GFAP mutation. It means that molecularly characterized inherited AxD is a cause of symptoms. The same GFAP mutation can cause both early and late onset AxD, and vertical transmission occurs in adult onset AxD with GFAP mutations. Our patient, her mother and maternal aunt had similar neurological manifestations but the latter two had a relative later onset. Nevertheless, her mother’s clinical manifestations deteriorated rapidly, her maternal aunt has mild symptoms with comparatively slow progress. She and her daughter had the same heterozygous missense mutation. All these findings suggest that the familial Adult AxD members can possibly show either similar or different manifestations. The molecular genetic evidence of our AxD family favors that AxD is an autosomal dominant inheritance [32], but further long-term follow-up is needed.
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title
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Case presentation
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p
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A 34-year-old female was evaluated at our hospital with a 6-year history of progressive neurological symptoms. At age 28, she developed paroxysmal numbness in the left limbs, and two years later she had unilateral limb weakness. She was misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis at the other hospital 2 years after onset. After high-dose pulse methylprednisolone therapy, the illness had no mitigation. The above mentioned symptoms progressively worsened. At age 31, she subsequently developed ataxia, dysarthria, depression, and bowel and bladder urgency with occasional incontinence. And her hands became mild muscle atrophy one year later.
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She denied any medical history before. Her mother had a similar neurological symptoms and died within 2 years after onset (at the age of 47), and her maternal aunt also had similar but mild symptoms at the onset age of 54 years old. Her 8-year-old daughter didn’t present with any neurological symptoms but had brain lesions. Other family members were healthy (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
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Fig. 1 Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
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Fig. 1
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Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
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Family pedigree. Black filled symbols represent patients. Grey filled symbols refer to patient’s daughter who had GFAP mutations but without neurological signs or symptoms. Empty symbols represent healthy subjects. Half-filled symbols refer to presumably affected ancestor. Question marks mean subjects potentially affected without neurological signs or symptoms, not examined nor tested for GFAP mutations. Oblique slash means the deceased. Black arrow mark represents the propositus (our patient). Patient III-3 and her daughter (patient IV-4) performed the molecular diagnosis. Although the family member (II-1) had similar psychological manifestations, the detailed medical record was not obtained and not examined for GFAP mutations
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Her general medical examination was unremarkable. In neurological examination, she had normal mental status and language testing. The mixed spastic-ataxic dysarthria and horizontal gaze nystagmus were noted. Myokymia was observed in lingualis with weakness of bulbar muscles. Her hands showed mild muscular atrophy. The muscles strength of the bilateral upper-extremities, the left lower-extremity, the right lower-extremity were grade 4, 2, 1, respectively. The increased tendon reflexes and the positive Babinski signs were observed bilaterally. Ataxia was observed in bilateral upper limbs. There was no apparent sensory deficit or extrapyramidal signs. The latest score of modified Rankin scale is 4.
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Serum laboratory studies showed unremarkable (complete blood count, routine chemistry test, clotting studies, electrolyte panel, creatinine, glucose, liver and renal function tests, vitamin B12, vitamin E, folic acid, autoimmune antibodies, and infection including hepatitis virus antibodies, Treponema serology, HIV antibodies). Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a normal opening pressure, the cell count, protein, glucose, IgG index, anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, and intrathecal IgG synthesis rate without oligoclonal bands.
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Electroencephalogram, electrophysiological, visual evoked potential, as well as all of the autonomic nervous system testing were all normal 2 years after onset except aural conduction in their brainstem evoked potential.
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Her brain MRI demonstrated bilateral and symmetric abnormal signals without gadolinium enhancement, which were predominantly distributed in the periventricular, and subcortical white matter. Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) revealed slightly hyperintensity in the periventricular areas. Magnetic resonance angiography was normal [Fig. 2]. The marked atrophy of the medullary oblongata and thoracic spinal cord was seen, while the atrophy of cervical spinal cord was relatively mild. Abnormal T2 hyperintensity was noted in the pyramidal tract of spine. With symptoms progressively worsening, medullary and cerebellar atrophy accelerated [Fig. 3]. Her daughter brain MRI showed abnormality in the periventricular white matter [Fig. 4].
Fig. 2 Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
Fig. 3 Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
Fig. 4 Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
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Fig. 2 Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
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Fig. 2
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Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
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Axial Brain MRI showed low T1-weighted signals (a), high T2-weighted signals (b), and hyperintensity in FLAIR image(c) around the periventricular area. MRI with contrast enhancement was normal (d). DWI revealed slight hyperintensity (e). MRA were normal (f)
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Fig. 3 Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
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Fig. 3
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Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
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Axial spinal MRI showed hyperintensity involving the corticospinal tracts extends from the carotid 2 (a arrowhead) to carotid 7 cord (b arrowhead) in T2WI image, mild atrophy of cervical spinal cord in sagittal T1WI image (c), severe atrophy of whole thoracic segments in sagittal T2WI image, which is similar to the typical “tadpole” (d), medullary atrophy at 3 years after onset (e, f), and severe medulla and cerebellar atrophy 1 years later (g, h)
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Fig. 4 Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
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Fig. 4
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Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
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Axial FLAIR image of the asymptomatic daughter of our patient show band-like hyperintense lesions around the lateral ventricle
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Her genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral leucocytes when an informed consent was obtained from the patient and her husband. A heterogeneous missense mutation was detected in exon 8 (c.1246C > T) of the GFAP gene, causing a change of arginine to tryptophan at amino acid position 416 (p.R416W). Her daughter’s genomic DNA showed the same heterozygous mutation but without any neurological symptoms [Fig. 5]. Upon clinical, family history, MRI finding and gene analysis, she was confirmed as adult AxD.
Fig. 5 The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
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Fig. 5 The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
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Fig. 5
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The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
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The chromatograms of sequencing results. a The patient. b The daughter. c The control. In the area of the GFAP gene exon 8, there is a heterogeneous missense mutation point: c.1246C > T (cytosine > thymine, Aarrowhead), leading to amino acid change in p.R416W (arginine > tryptophan)
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This case with AxD is characterized by typical clinical and MRI findings, especially with family history and adult onset. The heterozygous missense mutation in the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W was identified, which was already shown to be pathogenic in adult onset AxD [2, 3]. It has been reported that adult AxD has various clinical courses. Most cases have a subacute onset and gradually progressive course [2], but some present an acute onset [4]. There is no gender difference. About half of the cases is familial, consistent with autosomal dominant transmission. The mean age of onset is usually in the late thirties. Our patient had pseudobulbar, spastic paresis and ataxia, which are acknowledged as the cardinal triad of the clinical presentations and appear in approximately 70 % of cases [2, 4, 5]. Palatal myoclonus, which is specific and essential for AxD diagnosis, is only observed in one third, especially in hereditary cases [6], not seen in our patient. Nearly 45 % of reported patients had autonomic dysfunction including bowel/bladder dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension [7], which was found in our patient.
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Typical MRI findings included marked signal periventricular changes, atrophy of the bulbar region and upper cervical spinal cord in adult AxD [2, 7]. Approximately 90 % cases showed marked medullary atrophy and 50 % had deep white matter lesions or periventricular changes [5]. Farina et al. reported that patients under 40 years old were easier to have periventricular white matter abnormalities and postcontrast enhancement than patients over 40, which showed different levels of abnormal diffusivity On DWI, but some cases were normal [8]. In our case, MRI findings showed the severe atrophy in bulbar region and thoracic spinal cord, but mild atrophy in cervical spinal cord, which is rare in the adult AxD. On DWI, our patient had slightly hyperintensity of extensive periventricular white matter. The lesions without gadolinium enhancement might be related to the decreased amounts and limited distribution of rosenthal fibers [8]. It should be stressed that MRI findings in our case was atypical despite of the lesion locating in the typical regions.
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In the radiologic differential diagnosis of adult AxD, several disorders need to be considered [9]. Diseases like degenerative disorders, particularly progressive supranuclear palsy, multisystem atrophy with cerebellar predominance, and various spinocerebellar ataxias often have brain stem and cerebellum atrophy but without lesions in periventricular white matter [8]. Besiedes, some leukodystrophies which are similar to adult AxD were described below (see Table 1) [5, 10–17].
Table 1 The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
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Table 1 The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
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Table 1
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The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
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The characteristics of common leukodystrophies in adult
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Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
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Disease Clinical presentation Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI Gene mutations
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th
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Disease
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th
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Clinical presentation
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th
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Abnormal regions or abnormalities on brain MRI
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th
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Gene mutations
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tr
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X-ALD SP CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM ABCD1
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td
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X-ALD
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SP
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CST, dorsal columns, CC, PWM
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ABCD1
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Metachromatic leukodystrophy PP, motor impairment bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy ARSA
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Metachromatic leukodystrophy
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PP, motor impairment
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bilateral frontal PWM, CC; cortical atrophy
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ARSA
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Krabbe’s disease (GALC) SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy GALC
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Krabbe’s disease (GALC)
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SP or tetraparesis, PDPN, CD, seizures, cortical blindness
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Supratentorial, CWM, PT, splenium of CC and optic radiation, CST; CC atrophy
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GALC
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VWM (CACH) migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM EIF2B
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VWM (CACH)
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migraine, PP, dementia, PBP, SP
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enlargement of the lateral ventricles; WM
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EIF2B
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HDLS/POLD behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy CSF1R
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HDLS/POLD
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behavioral changes, dementia, motor impairment, epilepsy
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td
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internal capsules, CST; WM with non-enhancing; frontal lobes atrophy
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td
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CSF1R
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ADLD AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC LMNB1
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ADLD
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AS, BBD, OH, PS, ataxia
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frontoparietal WM, CP, CST, CC
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LMNB1
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Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy CYP27A1
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Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
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PP, SP, CA, polyneuropathy, tendon xanthomatas
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dentate nucleus, CWM, CP, PT, PWN, CC, basal ganglia; brain and cerebellar atrophy
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CYP27A1
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NHD/PLOSL PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy TREM2 DAP12
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NHD/PLOSL
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PP, memory loss, dementia, skeletal abnormalities
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nonspecific WM; cortical atrophy
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TREM2 DAP12
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CADASIL migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles NOTCH3
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td
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CADASIL
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td
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migraines, TIA, strokes, PP, CD
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td
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PWM in the centrum semiovale, external capsules and anterior temporal poles
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NOTCH3
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CARASIL TIA, strokes diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts HTRA1
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CARASIL
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TIA, strokes
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diffuse WM changes, lacunar infarcts
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td
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HTRA1
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table-wrap-foot
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X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
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X-ALD X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, VWM Vanishing white matter disease, CACH childhood ataxia with central hypomylination, HDLS hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, POLD Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy, ADLD Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, NHD Nasu-Hakola disease, PLOSL polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, SP spastic paraparesis, PP psychiatric problems, PBP pseudobulbar palsy, WM white matter, CWM cerebellar WM, PT pyramidal tracts, CD cognitive decline, AS autonomic symptoms, BBD bowel and bladder dysfunction, OH orthostatic hypotension, PS pyramidal symptoms, CA cerebellar ataxia, TIA transient ischemic attacks, PDPN peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, CST corticospinal tracts, CC corpus callosum, PWM periventricular WM, CP cerebellar peduncles
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Beside, asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities have been described in some reports [2, 6, 8, 18–23]. Here we listed several asymptomatic carriers similar to our patient’s daughter who had abnormal brain MRI and carrying the gene mutation (see Table 2).
Table 2 The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
c.994G > A p.E332K
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
c.154C > T p.P47L
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
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Table 2 The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
c.994G > A p.E332K
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
c.154C > T p.P47L
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
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Table 2
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The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
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The information of asymptomatic carriers with MRI abnormalities
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table
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Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
c.994G > A p.E332K
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
c.154C > T p.P47L
|
|
tr
|
Patient Reference Gender Age (years) MRI scan Nucleotide change Aminoacid substitution
|
|
th
|
Patient Reference
|
|
th
|
Gender
|
|
th
|
Age (years)
|
|
th
|
MRI scan
|
|
th
|
Nucleotide change
|
|
th
|
Aminoacid substitution
|
|
tr
|
Patient 1 [18] Male 62 Mild cervicomedullary atrophy c.232G > A p.D78N
|
|
td
|
Patient 1 [18]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
62
|
|
td
|
Mild cervicomedullary atrophy
|
|
td
|
c.232G > A
|
|
td
|
p.D78N
|
|
tr
|
Patient 2 [6] Male 32 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
|
|
td
|
Patient 2 [6]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
32
|
|
td
|
Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Periventricular rim
|
|
td
|
c. 274 T > G
|
|
td
|
p.V87G
|
|
tr
|
Patient 3 [19] Male 33 Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim c. 274 T > G p.V87G
|
|
td
|
Patient 3 [19]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
33
|
|
td
|
Atrophy of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter lesion, periventricular rim
|
|
td
|
c. 274 T > G
|
|
td
|
p.V87G
|
|
tr
|
Patient 4 [20] Male a<4 Frontal white matter abnormality c.276C > T p.R88C
|
|
td
|
Patient 4 [20]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
a<4
|
|
td
|
Frontal white matter abnormality
|
|
td
|
c.276C > T
|
|
td
|
p.R88C
|
|
tr
|
Patient 5 [2] Male 30 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c.613G > A p.E205K
|
|
td
|
Patient 5 [2]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
30
|
|
td
|
Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord
|
|
td
|
c.613G > A
|
|
td
|
p.E205K
|
|
tr
|
Patient 6 [21] Male 32 Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla c.988C > G p.R330G
|
|
td
|
Patient 6 [21]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
32
|
|
td
|
Periventricular rim, atrophy of medulla
|
|
td
|
c.988C > G
|
|
td
|
p.R330G
|
|
tr
|
c.994G > A p.E332K
|
|
td
|
c.994G > A
|
|
td
|
p.E332K
|
|
tr
|
Patient 7 [22] Female 34 Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates c.1006 T > C p.L331P
|
|
td
|
Patient 7 [22]
|
|
td
|
Female
|
|
td
|
34
|
|
td
|
Mild abnormal intensities in the deep frontal white matter and caudates
|
|
td
|
c.1006 T > C
|
|
td
|
p.L331P
|
|
tr
|
Patient 8 [23] Male 72 Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar c.1157A > G p.N386S
|
|
td
|
Patient 8 [23]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
72
|
|
td
|
Atrophy of the upper cervical cord medullaoblongata and cerebellar
|
|
td
|
c.1157A > G
|
|
td
|
p.N386S
|
|
tr
|
Patient 9 [8] Male 52 Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord c. 1193C > A p.S398Y
|
|
td
|
Patient 9 [8]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
52
|
|
td
|
Supratentorial periventricular white matter, atrophy of medulla oblongata and cervical cord
|
|
td
|
c. 1193C > A
|
|
td
|
p.S398Y
|
|
tr
|
Patient 10 [20] Male a<11 White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes c.1260C > T p.R416W
|
|
td
|
Patient 10 [20]
|
|
td
|
Male
|
|
td
|
a<11
|
|
td
|
White matter of the cerebellum, medulla, pons changes
|
|
td
|
c.1260C > T
|
|
td
|
p.R416W
|
|
tr
|
c.154C > T p.P47L
|
|
td
|
c.154C > T
|
|
td
|
p.P47L
|
|
table-wrap-foot
|
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
|
|
p
|
aNo age at onset is reported for Patients 4 and 10; evaluation for leukodystrophy was initiated only after incidental findings of white matter changes were discovered by MRI performed as part of examination for other conditions
|
|
p
|
Mutations in the GFAP gene, which lead to the accumulation of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic inclusions in rosenthal fibers in association with the small heat shock proteins, HSP27 and aB-crystallin [1], are thought to account for more than 95 % of AxD cases [24]. In infantile [3, 25, 26], juvenile [20, 27] and sporadic adult AxD [28–30], the heterozygous missense mutation of the GFAP gene, c.1246C > T, p.R416W, has been reported to be one of the causes of AxD. While In familial adult onset AxD it has been rarely reported. Thyagarajan described a woman and her son with adult onset AxD and the above mutation [31]. They had different clinical manifestations but strikingly similar MRI abnormalities and the same GFAP mutation. It means that molecularly characterized inherited AxD is a cause of symptoms. The same GFAP mutation can cause both early and late onset AxD, and vertical transmission occurs in adult onset AxD with GFAP mutations. Our patient, her mother and maternal aunt had similar neurological manifestations but the latter two had a relative later onset. Nevertheless, her mother’s clinical manifestations deteriorated rapidly, her maternal aunt has mild symptoms with comparatively slow progress. She and her daughter had the same heterozygous missense mutation. All these findings suggest that the familial Adult AxD members can possibly show either similar or different manifestations. The molecular genetic evidence of our AxD family favors that AxD is an autosomal dominant inheritance [32], but further long-term follow-up is needed.
|
|
sec
|
Conclusions
In summary, our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
|
|
title
|
Conclusions
|
|
p
|
In summary, our case report enriches the understanding of the familial adult AxD. Genetic analysis is necessary when patients have the above mentioned symptoms and signs, MRI findings, especially with family history.
|
|
back
|
Abbreviations
AxD Alexander disease
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DWI Diffusion Weighted Imaging
FLAIR Fluid attenuated inversion recovery
GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
T1WI T1-weighted imaging
T2WI T2-weighted imaging
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the patient’s family and the Beijing JinZhun Gene Technology Co., Ltd. The work couldn’t be done without their participation and help.
Funding
We receive no funding support.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable. For protecting patient privacy.
Authors’ contributions
Study design and drafting of manuscript: YL, XZ. Clinical study perform: YL, XZ, HZ. Genetic analysis: HZ, HW. Acquisition and interpretation of data: YL, XG, AZ, LZ, XL. Critical revision of the manuscript: XH, HW, YL. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Written informed consents were obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This case report has been approved by the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University’s Research Ethics Board. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and her families for genetic analysis and publication of this case report.
|
|
title
|
Abbreviations
|
|
p
|
Alexander disease
|
|
p
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
p
|
Diffusion Weighted Imaging
|
|
p
|
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery
|
|
p
|
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
|
|
p
|
Human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
p
|
Magnetic resonance angiography
|
|
p
|
Magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
p
|
T1-weighted imaging
|
|
p
|
T2-weighted imaging
|
|
ack
|
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the patient’s family and the Beijing JinZhun Gene Technology Co., Ltd. The work couldn’t be done without their participation and help.
Funding
We receive no funding support.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable. For protecting patient privacy.
Authors’ contributions
Study design and drafting of manuscript: YL, XZ. Clinical study perform: YL, XZ, HZ. Genetic analysis: HZ, HW. Acquisition and interpretation of data: YL, XG, AZ, LZ, XL. Critical revision of the manuscript: XH, HW, YL. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Written informed consents were obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This case report has been approved by the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University’s Research Ethics Board. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and her families for genetic analysis and publication of this case report.
|
|
title
|
Acknowledgements
|
|
p
|
The authors would like to thank the patient’s family and the Beijing JinZhun Gene Technology Co., Ltd. The work couldn’t be done without their participation and help.
|
|
sec
|
Funding
We receive no funding support.
|
|
title
|
Funding
|
|
p
|
We receive no funding support.
|
|
sec
|
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable. For protecting patient privacy.
|
|
title
|
Availability of data and materials
|
|
p
|
Not applicable. For protecting patient privacy.
|
|
sec
|
Authors’ contributions
Study design and drafting of manuscript: YL, XZ. Clinical study perform: YL, XZ, HZ. Genetic analysis: HZ, HW. Acquisition and interpretation of data: YL, XG, AZ, LZ, XL. Critical revision of the manuscript: XH, HW, YL. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
|
|
title
|
Authors’ contributions
|
|
p
|
Study design and drafting of manuscript: YL, XZ. Clinical study perform: YL, XZ, HZ. Genetic analysis: HZ, HW. Acquisition and interpretation of data: YL, XG, AZ, LZ, XL. Critical revision of the manuscript: XH, HW, YL. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
|
|
sec
|
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
|
|
title
|
Competing interest
|
|
p
|
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
|
|
sec
|
Consent for publication
Written informed consents were obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
|
|
title
|
Consent for publication
|
|
p
|
Written informed consents were obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
|
|
sec
|
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This case report has been approved by the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University’s Research Ethics Board. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and her families for genetic analysis and publication of this case report.
|
|
title
|
Ethics approval and consent to participate
|
|
p
|
This case report has been approved by the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University’s Research Ethics Board. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and her families for genetic analysis and publication of this case report.
|
