Fig. 1 Schematic of interventions. Each subject participated in a hypocaloric and normocaloric study phase in the 6° head-down bedrest condition and in a hypocaloric and normocaloric study phase in the upright mobile condition. Each phase, which was separated by at least 5 months, started with a 9-day nutrition and physical activity adaptation period followed by a 14-day intervention period. Handgrip and cold pressor tests were completed before and immediately after the intervention