Static handgrip to fatigue
After a sufficient recovery period to allow all signals to return to baseline values following the cold pressor test, baseline HR, arterial pressure, and MSNA were recorded for 1 min. Static handgrip was then performed with the dominant hand at 40 % of MVC until fatigue, followed by 2 min of post-handgrip forearm circulatory arrest with an upper arm cuff inflated to 250 mmHg, and 2 min of recovery. When the achieved force declined to <80 % of the target for ≥5 s, the cuff was inflated. During exercise, the subjects were instructed to avoid the Valsalva maneuver, as well as leg or abdominal muscle tension.