Direct costs of diagnostic testing include depreciation of the hardware, cost of personnel and materials (e.g., contrast agents). To be considered in the determination of these direct costs are influencing factors like imaging time and mode of utilization of the equipment (24/7 versus office hours) since both define the patient throughput for the imaging equipment. The latter form of direct costs rise especially when using expensive hardware and long examinations, such as MRI and PET. Besides the aforementioned types, additional costs caused by the above described adverse events and complications need to be included based on their prevalence. These costs comprise additional hospitalization and treatment costs. Ultimately societal costs of radiation-induced malignancies can be transferred to additional costs of those tests for which this is applicable. Ideally real costs are used in a CEA, and tariffs or reimbursement fees are used only if they accurately represent the real costs.