VEMP tests were performed by an examiner blinded to group and patient clinical examination data. VEMP recordings were performed using a Nicolet EDX EMP/EP machine (Natus Neurology, Middleton, WI, USA). Patients with headache underwent VEMP testing on headache-free days. Specifically, recordings in migraine patients were obtained interictally at least 3 days after the last and before the next migraine attack.