All participants were underwent physical and neurological examinations performed by an experienced neurologist. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their headache symptoms, including frequency, duration, and intensity, during the previous 4 weeks. Headache frequency (days/week) was calculated by dividing the number of days with headaches by 4 weeks. Headache duration (hours/day) was calculated by dividing the sum of the total hours of headaches by the number of days with headaches and headache intensity (numeric rating scale [NRS]: 0 = no pain to 10 = unbearable pain) was calculated as the mean NRS for days with headaches. We also obtained a comprehensive neuro-otological history from all participants. The detailed interview for assessing vestibular symptoms in headache patients or diagnosing VM according to the ICHD-3β included questions about clinical features (e.g., main type of vertigo and duration, frequency, severity) and concomitant symptoms. Exclusion criteria included subjects with hearing loss, middle ear disease or surgery, history of vestibular disease, history of recurrent vertigo or vertigo that lasted more than one day or required hospitalization, a cervical disorder that affected head movement, the presence of neurological disorders (e.g. stroke, multiple sclerosis), pregnancy, daily medication to prevent headaches and/or antidepressant medication, medication-overuse headache, and patients with VM.