Photo microscopy We were interested in observing whether the addition of IS or CFA in our model had any direct effect at the place of addition on the dura mater, using photo microscopy. It is worth pointing out that removal of the bone for the direct application on the dura, reduces the possible changes that can be observed in meningeal vasculature (see discussion). 15 min after the addition of IS (Fig. 1a/b) and CFA (Fig. 1c/d) we did not observe any changes in the meningeal vasculature (white arrows). However, there appears to be an weak increase in brain blood vessel diameter (black arrows), particularly after CFA. Fig. 1 Dural effect of IS and CFA. Addition of IS and CFA on the dura mater. The control picture was taken at time 0 for IS (a) and CFA (c). The effect of 15 min. stimulation can been observed after IS (b) and CFA (d). Representative pictures. White arrows meningeal vasculature, black arrows brain vasculature