Similarly, both univariate and within-subject multivariate tests can be formulated by obtaining both the hypothesis matrix L and the response transformation matrix R in (A1) (Appendix C in Chen et al., 2014). In addition, all the post-hoc t- and F-tests (options -gltCode and -glfCode respectively in 3dMVM) are also constructed as MVT under the platform (A1). For instance, the effect under a specific level and the contrast between two levels of a within-subject factor through -gltCode are evaluated essentially by a one-sample and a paired t-test respectively, while the main effect of a within-subject factor through -glfCode is assessed by a within-subject multivariate test.