(B, D, F) Corresponding gene-set association analysis results for (B) the JLS-Fisher test (permutation p = 0.0099), (D) the standard regression-based location-only test (permutation p = 0.0876), and (F) Levene’s scale-only test (permutation p = 0.0222). For each figure, the observed sum statistic aggregated across all 3,814 SNPs, as described in the Material and Methods, is shown as a vertical line in red, and the sum statistics calculated from the 10,000 phenotype-permutated replicates is shown as a histogram.