Now, define nj and nj′ as the number of case-parent trios with genotype data for cell j∈{1, …, 8, 9a, 9b, 10, …, 15} for not phased and phased data, respectively, where the 16 cells are defined as by Ainsworth et al.20 and Nj=nj+nj′ as the total case-parent trios with diseased children for cell j. For phased data, n9a′ and n9b′ are calculated from the estimated haplotypes, and we can define cell 9 as the total of cells 9a and 9b so that n9′=n9a′+n9b′. For unphased data, cells 9a and 9b are not observed or estimated, so we again define cell 9 as the total of cells 9a and 9b, which is observed, so that n9 = n9a + n9b.