Year Publication Targeting peptide/CART fragment Route of adminis-tration Species (genetic background) Diet Feeding behavior and body weight alterations Locomotor behavior 1998 Kristensen et al., 1998 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding; ↓ Fast-induced feeding; ↓ NPY-induced feeding N/A 1998 Lambert et al., 1998 CART (55–59) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ~ Spontaneous feeding N/A 1998 Lambert et al., 1998 CART (55–76) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding; ↓ NPY-induced feeding N/A 1998 Lambert et al., 1998 CART (62–76) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding N/A 1998 Thim et al., 1998 CART I (55–102); CART II (62–102) i.c.v. Mouse Standard chow ↓ Fast-induced feeding N/A 1999 Vrang et al., 1999b CART I (42–89) i.c.v.g Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding (in food-restricted animals) and ↓ NPY-induced feeding N/A 2000 Edwards et al., 2000 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding N/A 2000 Kask et al., 2000 CART (62–76) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding N/A 2000 Volkoff and Peter, 2000 CART I (55–102); CART (62–76) i.c.v. Goldfish Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding and ↓ NPY-induced feeding (in food-restricted animals) N/A 2000 Larsen et al., 2000 CART I (42–89) i.c.v. (chronic infusion) Lean and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding (in both free-feeding and food-restricted animals); dose-dependent ↓ in body weight Dose-dependent motor disturbances (combined gait and walking ataxia) 2000 Okumura et al., 2000 CART I (55–102) i.c. Rat Standard chow ↓ Fast-induced feedingb N/A 2000 Wang et al., 2000 CART I (55–102) intra-PVN Rat Standard chow ↓ NPY-induced feedingi N/A 2001 Bannon et al., 2001 CART I (55–102); CART II (62–102) i.c.v. Mouse Standard chow ↓ Fast-induced feeding N/A 2001 Abbott et al., 2001 CART I (55–102) Hypothalamic intranuclear injections (VMH, Arc, PVN, SON, DMH, LHA and AHA) Rat Standard chow ↑ Spontaneous feeding (only measured in satiated animals cannulated into the DMH or Arc); ↑ Fast-induced feeding N/A 2001 Abbott et al., 2001 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (3V) Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding; ↓ Fast-induced feeding (↓ feeding episodes) Behavioral abnormalities marked by reduced feeding episodes, flat-backed posture and movement-associated tremors (behavioral analysis performed for 24-h fasted animals only but not satiated animals) 2001 Zheng et al., 2001 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (LV and 4V) Rat Sucrose solution or standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ short-term sucrose intake and ↓ overnight chow intake)—effects more pronounced in 4V compared to LV administration Alterations in motor behavior (mild movement-associated tremors in part of 4V injected subjects) 2001a Aja et al., 2001a CART I (55–102) i.c.v. Rat Ensure liquid diet ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ liquid diet intake in licks and meal size in food restricted animals) Altered oral motor function and behavioral alterations (trance-like state, flat-backed and arched-backed postures, cage licking, movement-associated tremors) 2001b Aja et al., 2001b CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (3V) Rat Ensure liquid diet ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ liquid diet intake and observations of feeding in food restricted animals)—reductions significantly attentuated by aqueduct obstructiona Alterations in motor behavior (flat-backed and arched-backed postures and movement-associated tremors)—alterations significantly attentuated by aqueduct obstructiona 2001b Aja et al., 2001b CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (4V) Rat Ensure liquid diet ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ liquid diet intake and observations of feeding in food restricted animals)—reductions unaffected by aqueduct obstructiona Alterations in motor behavior (flat-backed and arched-backed postures and movement-associated tremors)—alterations unaffected by aqueduct obstructiona 2002 Aja et al., 2002 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (4V) Rat Ensure liquid diet ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ liquid diet and water intake in food restricted animals); production of conditioned taste aversion N/A 2002 Rohner-Jeanrenaud et al., 2002 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (chronic infusion) Rat (normal and DIO) Standard chow or HFD ↓ Spontaneous feeding and ↓ NPY-induced feeding; ↓ body weight gain N/A 2002 Zheng et al., 2002 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (4V)h and intra-NTS Rat Sucrose solution or standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ short-term sucrose intake)—effects more pronounced in 4V compared to intra-NTS administration N/A 2003 Smedh and Moran, 2003 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (4V) Rat Sucrose solution ↓ Spontaneous feeding (↓ sucrose intake in food restricted animals); altered lick microstrcuture parametersc N/A 2003 Kong et al., 2003 CART I (55–102) intra-Arcd Rat Standard chow ↑ Spontaneous feeding (in both free-feeding and food-restricted animals) and ↑ Fast-induced feeding; ↑ cumulative body weight gain; ↑ body weight loss following 24-hr fasting and food restrictioni N/A 2004 Wortley et al., 2004 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (3V) Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding N/A 2005 Yang et al., 2005 CART I (55–102) intra-AcbSh Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding; ↓ Fast-induced feeding; ↓ GABA-A agonist muscimol-induced feeding N/A 2007 Qing and Chen, 2007 rat CART cDNA i.c.v.e Rat (DIO) High fat/high sucrose diet ↓ Spontaneous feeding; ↓ Fast-induced feeding; ↓ body weight gain (↓ lean mass; fat mass unaffected) N/A 2007 Jean et al., 2007 CART I (55–102) intra-AcbSh Mouse Standard chow ↓ Fast-induced feeding N/A 2007 Jean et al., 2007 CART siRNA intra-AcbSh Mouse Standard chow ↑ Spontaneous feeding and ↓ stimulating 5-HT4R- or MDMA-induced anorexia in staved animals N/A 2008 Smith et al., 2008 rAAV encoding full length rat CART cDNA (GenBank accession no. U10071) intra-PVNe Rat Standard chow or HFD ↑ Cumulative feeding and cumulative body weight gain; effects more accentuated on HFD N/A 2009 Skibicka et al., 2009 CART I (55–102) i.c.v. (4V) or intra-NTS Rat Standard chow [4V injection]f ↓ Spontaneous feeding and body weight (in food-restricted animals); hypophagic response and weight loss attenuated by pre-treatment with hindbrain delivery of GLP-1R antagonist (exendin-9-39); intra-NTS injection produced no observable effect on feeding or body weight N/A 2010 Hou et al., 2010 CART I (55–102) intra-Arc; intra-DMH Streptozotocin-diabetic rats Standard chow or HFD Chow diet: ↑ Spontaneous feeding (in satiated animals) (Arc) and ↑ Fast-induced feeding (DMH and Arc); HFD: ↑ Spontaneous feeding (Arc) N/A 2011 Nakhate et al., 2011 CART I (54–102) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding and body weight; attenuated social isolation-induced hyperphagia and body weight gain N/A 2013 Nakhate et al., 2013 CART I (54–102) i.c.v. Rat Standard chow ↓ Spontaneous feeding; attenuated ALLO-induced hyperphagia and weight gain; potentiated DHEAS-induced anorexia and weight loss N/A