Table 1  Dietary patterns, categories, and constituent foods from six adult studies included in the meta-analysis
Study  Category  Dietary pattern  Food
Varraso et al27  Healthy  Prudent  Fruit and vegetables
Neutral  Nuts and wine  Nuts and seeds, salty biscuits, olives, wine, fortified wine
Unhealthy  Western  Pizza/salty pies, desserts, cured meat, and pasta
Bakolis et al20  Healthy  Prudent  Wholemeal bread and rolls, yogurt, cheese, fish, salad vegetables, pasta, couscous, vegetable dishes, and French-type dressing
Healthy  Vegetables and fruit  Vegetables and fruit
Unhealthy  Western  White bread and rolls, chips, roast potatoes, baked beans, processed meats, bacon, ham, crisps, meat dishes, fried snacks, chocolate bars, sponge puddings and cakes, ketchup, and Coke
Neutral  Vegetarian  Cream crackers, crème fraiche, macaroni cheese, chick peas, hummus, lentils, nut roast, vegetables, nuts, and seeds
Neutral  Traditional  High intake of vegetables, pork, beef, liver, lamb; low intake of naan, paratha and Bombay mix
Hooper et al23  Healthy  Fish, fruit, and vegetables  Fruits, vegetables, and fish
Unhealthy  Meat and potatoes  Sliced meat, beef, pork, bacon, sausage and fried egg/scrambled egg/omelet, potato or chips, bread, butter, biscuits, cakes
McKeever et al26  Healthy  Cosmopolitan  Higher intake of vegetables, fish, chicken, wine, rice; lower intake of high-fat dairy products, added fat, added sugar, and potato
Unhealthy  Traditional  Higher intake of red meat, processed meat, potato, boiled vegetables, added fat, coffee, beer; lower intake of soy products, low-fat dairy products, tea, breakfast cereal, brown rice, pizza, juice and fruit
Unhealthy  Refined foods  Higher intake of mayonnaise, salty snacks, candy, high-sugar beverages, French fries, white bread, and pizza; lower intake of boiled vegetables, wholegrain bread, fruit, and cheese
Rosenkranz et al (men)22  Healthy  Fruit and vegetables  Cooked vegetables, raw vegetables, fruit
Unhealthy  Meat and cheese  Red meat, processed meat, cheese
Neutral  Grains and alcohol  Brown/wholemeal bread, alcoholic drinks, breakfast cereal
Healthy  Poultry and seafood  Poultry, fish, or seafood
Rosenkranz et al (women)22  Healthy  Fruit and vegetables  Cooked vegetables, raw vegetables, fruit
Unhealthy  Meats  Red meat, processed meat
Unhealthy  Cereal and alcohol  Breakfast cereal, alcoholic drinks
Healthy  Poultry and seafood  Poultry, fish, or seafood
Healthy  Brown bread and cheese  Brown/wholemeal bread, cheese
Shi et al31  Healthy  Vegetable-rich  Whole grains, fruit, root vegetables, fresh and pickled vegetables, milk, eggs, and fish
Unhealthy  Macho  Animal foods and alcohol
Unhealthy  Sweet tooth  Cake, milk, yoghurt, and drinks
Neutral  Traditional  Loaded heavily on rice, fresh vegetables, and inversely on wheat flour