PMC:3852299 / 1500-3502 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/3852299","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"3852299","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/3852299","text":"Definition of autism spectrum disorder\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting in the first 3 years of life that is strongly correlated with changes in neural growth during prenatal and post natal periods [1]. A child with ASD presents with the following: defects in social interaction and communication [2]; repetitive stereotypic behaviour or movements [2]; deficits in language acquisition [3], failure to assume meaning from normal social cues and a fixation on a maintained uniformity of routine [4]. Furthermore, this disorder is also associated with sensory abnormalities with a low threshold to sensory inputs that result in avoidance behaviours [5]. ASD is generally viewed as a male predominant disorder with a ratio of 4:1 to females [6].\nAutism is classified as a pervasive developmental disorder and clinicians and researchers use the term ASD to include autism, Asperger’s syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (for review of symptoms see [2]). The primary symptoms of ASD have previously been defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association) with some impairments controversially reclassified in the recently released DSM-V [7].\nOver the past 20 years there has been an increase in the frequency of the disorder with present rates of ASD being diagnosed at about 2% for children in the USA [8]. A number of reasons have been advanced for this increase, including changes in administrative classifications, policy and practice changes and increased awareness [2]. It is believed that surveillance and screening strategies for early identification of ASD could allow early treatment and improved outcomes.\nNevertheless, hereditary and environmental factors that occur during gestation and postnatal periods leading to significant aberrations in neural organisation and cortical network development are the most likely causes of ASD [9].","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":38}}],"tracks":[{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":344,"end":354},"obj":"PATO_0000441"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":433,"end":440},"obj":"PATO_0001511"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":464,"end":470},"obj":"PATO_0000461"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":723,"end":727},"obj":"PATO_0000384"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":723,"end":727},"obj":"CHEBI_30780"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":756,"end":761},"obj":"PATO_0001038"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":756,"end":761},"obj":"PATO_0001470"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1171},"obj":"CHEBI_38624"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":1286,"end":1289},"obj":"CHEBI_38624"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":1354,"end":1363},"obj":"PATO_0000044"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":1385,"end":1392},"obj":"PATO_0000467"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":1493,"end":1501},"obj":"PATO_0000694"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":1693,"end":1698},"obj":"PATO_0000694"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":1733,"end":1738},"obj":"PATO_0000694"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":1606,"end":1615},"obj":"PATO_0000470"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T51","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T52","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T53","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T54","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T55","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T56","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T57","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T58","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T59","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T60","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T61","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T62","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T63","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T64","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T65","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24103554-19949574-70233098","span":{"begin":241,"end":242},"obj":"19949574"},{"id":"24103554-19819542-70233099","span":{"begin":340,"end":341},"obj":"19819542"},{"id":"24103554-19819542-70233100","span":{"begin":391,"end":392},"obj":"19819542"},{"id":"24103554-11144346-70233101","span":{"begin":537,"end":538},"obj":"11144346"},{"id":"24103554-16940314-70233102","span":{"begin":690,"end":691},"obj":"16940314"},{"id":"24103554-21122776-70233103","span":{"begin":781,"end":782},"obj":"21122776"},{"id":"24103554-19819542-70233104","span":{"begin":1031,"end":1032},"obj":"19819542"},{"id":"24103554-21208775-70233105","span":{"begin":1293,"end":1294},"obj":"21208775"},{"id":"24103554-24988818-70233106","span":{"begin":1459,"end":1460},"obj":"24988818"},{"id":"24103554-19819542-70233107","span":{"begin":1627,"end":1628},"obj":"19819542"},{"id":"24103554-17919129-70233108","span":{"begin":1999,"end":2000},"obj":"17919129"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"24103554-19949574-70233098","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-19819542-70233099","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-19819542-70233100","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-11144346-70233101","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-16940314-70233102","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-21122776-70233103","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-19819542-70233104","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-21208775-70233105","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-24988818-70233106","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-19819542-70233107","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"24103554-17919129-70233108","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"NEUROSES","color":"#eccf93","default":true},{"id":"2_test","color":"#b593ec"}]}]}}