To specifically examine the functional impact of NF-κB and NFAT5 binding site usage in MDM, which are efficiently infected by both pathogens, we next isolated MDM from four normal donors and infected these cells with 1000 TCID50 of wild-type HIV-1Lai/Bal-env or with the mutant viral clones HIV-1Lai/Bal-env-κB I-Mut, HIV-1Lai/Bal-env-κB II-Mut, HIV-1Lai/Bal-env-κB I+II-Mut, or HIV-1Lai/Bal-env-N5-Mut.