Next to TRAF3, TRAF1 has also been identified as a negative regulator of this pathway, most probably by competing with other TNF receptor-associated factors. cIAP, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis; IKK, IκB kinase; NF, nuclear factor; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.