Despite these successes, other aspects of the neural basis of decision making remain much less well understood. Even where there has been significant progress – as in elucidating the neural basis of other decision variables like probability and temporal delay – there remain key open and unanswered questions. Below are described ten major problems for future research in decision neuroscience (Table 1). By focusing on theoretical and conceptual challenges specific to decision neuroscience, this review necessarily omits important future methodological advances that will shape all of neuroscience: applications to new populations, longitudinal analyses of individuals, genomic advances, and new technical advances (e.g., linking single-unit and fMRI studies). Even with these caveats, this list provides a broad overview of the capabilities of and challenges facing this new discipline.