Despite the challenges of describing strategic aspects of decision making, such analyses will become increasingly feasible. Neuroimaging techniques, in particular, provide an unique advantage by characterizing large-scale functional relationships, via recent advances in connectivity analyses (Buckner et al., 2009; Greicius et al., 2009). The explosion of interest in condition-specific connectivity modeling, functional mediation analyses, and similar techniques will provide new insights into how the same brain regions can support very different sorts of behavior, across individuals and contexts. Moreover, proof-of-concept examples can be seen in domains where a priori models exist – as in cases of exploration/exploitation (Daw et al., 2006) or compensatory/heuristic choice (Venkatraman et al., 2009a).