HK E. coli for 24 h.  Cytokine levels were determined using multiplex assays. Concentrations are given as pg/ml for each group (mean value ± SD, n = 3). Statistical significance from the control (C) was determined using Student's t-test.

Cooperative induction of cytokines by AP-1 and NF-κB
To further characterize the involvement of NF-κB in cytokine regulation, we treated cells with an NF-κB activation inhibitor (NAI). The results showed that NAI selectively down-r