Sapporo city, the capital of Hokkaido in Japan, was chosen as the targeted area because Sapporo city has a number of characteristics that make it suitable for simulating the spread of infection, including relatively small daily influxes and outflows of people compared with other major cities in Japan [28]. The National Census of Japan [28, 29] was used as the source of data on the age structure, resident population for each ward, household composition, places of schooling and work, and mode of transportation. The School Basic Survey [30] was the source of data on the number of schools and the enrollment rate at college, while the Employment Status Survey [31] provided the employment rate.