The observation that children from different cultures may show differences in EF abilities raises the question of whether children's brain function varies in systematic ways across cultures, and if so, to what extent. There is currently considerable interest in the specific neural correlates of EF (e.g., Bunge and Crone, 2009), but as with behavioral research on this topic, nearly all of this work has been conducted with Western samples, and indeed, to date, there have been no published cross-cultural comparisons of these neural correlates. It seems plausible, however, that genetic and/or environmental influences associated with culture may be reflected not only in children's behavior, but also in their neural function. Recent research on neural plasticity, for example, supports the suggestion that neural development is experience dependent (e.g., Neville, 1993; Huttenlocher, 2002), and indeed, interventions designed to promote EF have been found to produce changes in neural function related to EF (Olesen et al., 2004; Rueda et al., 2005).